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. 2018 Jul 19;7:132. doi: 10.1038/s41426-018-0130-1

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — A Duck, 8 dpi, brain. Moderate, subacute necrotizing polioencephalitis with infiltration of phagocytic microglia (arrow). B Duck, 8 dpi, brain. Multiple foci (star) of influenza A nucleoprotein-immunoreactive neuronal and glia cells. C Duck, 5 dpi, liver. Severe, acute, hepatic necrosis (necrotizing hepatitis) characterized by cytoplasmic hypereosinophilia and vacuolation (arrow), membraneous rupture and nuclear pyknosis, karyorrhexis (arrowhead) and loss. D Duck, 5 dpi, liver. Influenza A virus-nucleoprotein-immunoreactive hepatocytes are typically located at the border of the coalescing necrotizing lesions, whereas only faintly immunoreactive cellular debris is present in the lesion centers (star). E Duck, 5 dpi, pancreas. Moderate, acute pancreatic liquefactive necrosis (necrotizing pancreatitis) characterized by granular eosinophilic debris (star) and scant nuclear pyknosis, karyorrhexis (arrow) and loss. F Duck, 5 dpi, pancreas. Influenza A virus-nucleoprotein-immunoreactive exocrine pancreatocytes are typically located at the border of the multifocal necrotizing lesions, whereas only faintly immunoreactive cellular debris is present in the lesion centers (star). G Duck, 4 dpi, spleen. Severe, diffuse, lymphatic depletion and marked tingible body macrophage (arrow) hyperplasia within the white pulp surrounded by hyperemic red pulp. H Duck, 4 dpi, spleen. Oligo- to multifocal discrete influenza A virus-nucleoprotein-immunoreactive cells interpreted as macrophages/dendritic cells, endothelia and faintly immunoreactive debris within the depleted white pulp (star) and less frequently in the hyperemic red pulp. A, C, E, G Hematoxylin eosin, bar = 20 µm. B, D, F, H Influenza A virus-nucleoprotein immunohistochemistry, avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method with a polyclonal rabbit anti- influenza A FPV/Rostock/34-virus-nucleoprotein antiserum (diluted 1:750)⁶⁵ 3-amino-9-ethyl-carbazol as chromogen and hematoxylin counterstain, bar = 50 µm