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. 2018 Jul 19;9:2816. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05189-2

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — Cartilage development expands the tracheal but not esophageal diameter and promotes epithelial rearrangement for luminal enlargement. a Gross morphology of Foxg1^Cre; Sox9^flox/flox trachea and littermate control. Yellow arrows indicate length and diameter of the tracheas. Measurement of tracheal tube length (b) and external diameter (c). (Control; n = 5–8, Foxg1^Cre; Sox9^flox/flox; n = 3 or 4). d Azan staining of transversal sections. e Azan staining of Foxg1^Cre; Sox9^flox/flox trachea epithelium. f Representative 3D reconstructed images of epithelial-cell cluster (20 cells) of Foxg1^Cre; Sox9^flox/flox or littermate control at E18.5. (left, apical view; middle, oblique view; right, lateral view). See also Supplementary Movie 7. g Apical-surface area at E18.5. center line, box limits, and whiskers represent mean, 25 and 75% confidence limits, and min and max values, respectively. Numbers represent means. (Control, n = 119, Foxg1^Cre; Sox9 ^flox/flox, n = 107). h Pseudostratification index at E18.5. center line, box limits, and whiskers represent mean, 25 and 75% confidence limits, and min and max values, respectively. Numbers represent means (Control, n = 130; Foxg1^Cre; Sox9^flox/flox, n = 84). (i) Azan staining of developing esophageal epithelium. P values (^**P < 0.01, ^*P < 0.05) show the significance with Student’s t test (b, c, g, h). NS not significant. Scale bar = 500 μm (a), 50 μm (d), 10 μm (f), 5 μm (i)