Table 1.

Summary of cognitive changes following hippocampal and vmPFC damage

The blue section illustrates functions commonly associated with the hippocampus and the orange section functions commonly associated with the vmPFC. The arrows indicate that the groups behave differently compared to healthy controls. Specifically, “↓” refers to a functional decrease for that group, for example patients with hippocampal damage typically have problems recalling autobiographical memories. In reference to this phenotype, the other group can be classified as “↓” meaning the impairment in general follows the same direction, i.e., vmPFC damage also causes impairments on autobiographical memory retrieval. The additional “≠” indicates that the underlying reasons for the deficits seem different. On the other hand, “↑” indicates a functional increase for that group, for example patients with vmPFC damage discount more future rewards in preference for immediate rewards compared to controls. Again, the additional “≠” indicates that there are differences between the patients groups, for example patients with hippocampal damage show normal delayed discounting, except if visualizations are required. “Preserved” indicates that this function is similar to that of healthy controls. ‘?’ indicates that the evidence is not completely clear, given a lack of lesion specificity.