Skip to main content
. 2018 Jul 13;12:139. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00139

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Experiment 2: spontaneous preferences (pre-test) and learning-induced preferences (post-test) at the Y-maze. (A) Percentage of bees (n = 30) either choosing first the green disc, the blue disc or not making a choice (NC) during the pre-test in the maze. (B) Pooled heatmap representing the normalized mean time spent within the maze during the pre-test. Although at this stage of the experiment there is neither a CS+ nor a CS−, we use these terms to indicate the stimuli that will become CS+ and CS− during the subsequent training. The stimulus that was more attractive to bees became the CS− and the less attractive became the CS+. (C) Time spent (in seconds; median, quartiles and outliers) in the arm of the CS+ (red boxplot) and of the CS− (gray boxplot) during the pre-test. (D) Percentage of bees (n = 30) choosing first either the CS+, the CS− disc or not making a choice (NC) during the post-test. The 95% confidence interval is shown in each case. (E) Pooled heatmap representing the normalized mean time spent within the maze during the post-test. The position of the CS+ and CS− is indicated. (F) Time spent (in seconds; median, quartiles and outliers) in the arm of the CS+ (red boxplot) and of the CS− (gray boxplot) during the post-test. (G) Percentage of bees choosing first either the CS+, the CS− disc or not making a choice (NC) according to the color onto which they were rewarded. The 95% confidence interval is shown in each case. (H) Pooled heatmap representing the normalized mean time spent by learners within the maze during the post-test (n = 17). (I) Time spent (in seconds; median, quartiles and outliers) in the arm of the CS+ (red boxplot) and of the CS− (gray boxplot) by learners (n = 17) during the post-test. (A,D,G) Different lower-case letters above bars indicate significant differences (p < 0.05). (B,E,H) The position of the CS+ and the CS− was varied during training; the left maze corresponds to a trial in which the CS+ was presented on the right and the CS− on the left; the right maze shows the reversed situation. (C,F,I) *p < 0.05; **p < 0.001, ***p < 0.0001; NS, non-significant.