Table 1.

Summary of the mourning process models.

model	authors	components of mourning process	summary
stage theory	Bowlby (1982) [1]	1. shock–numbness 2. yearning–searching 3. disorganization–despair 4. reorganization	this model focused on the natural emotional shift the findings of two recent studies [23,24] were inconsistent with this theory; however, the studies validated that the peak of emotions of grief is shifted over time
task theory	Worden (2008) [21]	1. to accept the reality of death 2. to process the pain of grief 3. to adjust to a world without the deceased 4. to find an enduring connection with the deceased in the midst of embarking on a new life	this model focused on the mourner's task of facing the situation and actively coping with it the overall validity of this model has not been examined by empirical studies the importance of maintaining a connection with the deceased in order to adapt to the loss was supported by another study [25]
dual process model	Strobe & Schut (1999) [22]	1. loss-oriented coping 2. restoration-oriented coping	this model focused on the two coping strategies for stressors related to grief the mourners recover from grief by oscillating between the two coping strategies in daily life some studies have attempted to validate this model. Chen et al. [26] supported the importance of this model in their study on disaster survivors