Table 3.
Examples of interventions illustrating the three types or intensities of adaptation at three intervention levels (farm or technical, government, and private sector level)a
| Intervention level | Type of adaptation | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Incremental adaptation (resilience)b | Systemic adaptation (transition) | Transformational adaptation (transformation) | |
| Technical, farm level | • Better planting material (all zones) • Increased shade use (especially Zone 2) • Standard agronomic practices to increase profitability (fertilizer, pruning, grafting) (especially Zones 1 and 2) |
• Diversification of farms and livelihoods (all zones, but especially Zones 2 and 3) | • Progressive change to alternative crops that are more adapted to future environmental conditions (Zone 3) |
| Governments, international donors and development agencies | • Time-limited and site-level adaptation projects focusing on most critically affected areas • Input subsidies (e.g., fertilizer, crop and shade tree seedlings) |
• Open-ended adaptation programs covering entire national production area with site specific measures • Planned farm diversification programs depending on area • Universal access to technical assistance • Locally differentiated finance programs to help farmers adapt (e.g., transition to other crops, increase shade, replant, intensify) • Legal changes incentivizing native tree planting and retention on farms |
• Coordinated regional adaptation planning • Integration with forestry and conservation policies, zero-deforestation policies • South-south collaboration among countries to exchange germplasm and information, assist controlled expansion in suitable areas, and prevent uncontrolled production expansion into unsuitable areas and/or negatively affecting prices and environment |
| Private sector | (same as for Government) | • Adaptation along single supply chains | • Coordinated adaptation across multiple supply chains of alternative crops to facilitate crop diversification and change |
aThe terminology for the type of adaptation follows Vermeulen et al. (2013) and Pelling (2011), in brackets
bThe term “coping” is also sometimes used for this type of adaptation, but other authors contrast coping as a short-term strategy to deal with natural climate variation with adaptation as a long-term strategy to deal with changing environmental conditions and increased risk; see Pelling (2011) and Füssel (2007)