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. 2015 Aug 15;23(2):187–209. doi: 10.1007/s11027-015-9678-4

Table 3.

Types of adaptation indicators (based on Harley and van Minnen 2009 and Mickwitz et al. 2009)

Process-based indicators
Aspect Description
Development Development of adaptation policies, measures and actions
Implementation Steps in the process of implementing adaptation measures and actions
Output-based indicators
 Aspect Description
 Inclusion Extent to which climate change policy objectives and adaptation impacts have been covered
 Consistency Efforts to minimise contradictions between climate change adaptation and mitigation and other policy goals
 Weighting Determine relative priorities of climate change adaptation compared to other policy aims
 Reporting Evaluation and reporting requirements for climate change adaptation (including deadlines)
 Resources Availability of economic and other resources (including knowledge)
Outcome-based indicators
 Aspect Description
 Awareness dimension Public access to information about climate change, perception of risks, and human and social capital
 Ability dimension Potential of society to design and implement adaptation measures
 Action dimension Implementation and effectiveness of adaptation solutions