Table 4. Median percent abundance (range) for taxa with significantly different relative abundances over time.
Median (range) percent relative abundances of different taxa in feces were collected at baseline (days 5–7), at the conclusion of antibiotic administration (days 26–28), and after a 603 day washout (days 631–633) from 16 healthy cats, eight per group, + that received 150 mg clindamycin with either a placebo or synbiotic PO once daily for 21 days. + Feces from one cat (synbiotic group) unavailable at the days 631–633 timepoint.
| Baseline | Days 26–28 | Days 631–633 | Fdr-adjusted P-value* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Placebo | Synbiotic | Placebo | Synbiotic | Placebo | Synbiotic | ||
| Actinobacteria | 68.02a (34.02–87.12) |
71.32a (55.95–83.97) |
0.96b (0.82–1.07) |
0.92b (0.69–1.20) |
69.43a (38.38–82.91) |
51.75a (31.39–90.03) |
<0.001 |
| •Actinobacteria | 68.02a (34.02–87.12) |
71.32a (55.95–83.97) |
0.96b (0.82–1.07) |
0.92b (0.69–1.20) |
69.43a (38.38–82.91) |
51.75a (31.39–90.03) |
<0.001 |
| −Actinomycetales | 0.04a (0.00–0.07) |
0.04a (0.02–0.06) |
0.00b (0.00–0.01) |
0.00b (0.00–0.01) |
0.03a (0.01–0.13) |
0.03a (0.02–0.16) |
<0.001 |
| o Actinomycetaceae | 0.03a (0.00–0.06) |
0.04a (0.01–0.06) |
0.00b (0.00–0.01) |
0.00b (0.00–0.01) |
0.03a (0.01–0.13) |
0.03a (0.01–0.14) |
<0.001 |
| ■Actinomyces | 0.033a (0.000–0.060) |
0.037a (0.009–0.060) |
0.001b (0.000–0.006) |
0.003b (0.000–0.006) |
0.026a (0.006–0.126) |
0.034a (0.014–0.143) |
<0.001 |
| −Bifidobacteriales | 39.16a (18.91–46.70) |
46.10a (18.05–70.73) |
0.54b (0.45–0.65) |
0.49b (0.42–0.71) |
39.16c (10.98–44.47) |
18.72c (9.85–64.69) |
<0.001 |
| o Bifidobacteriaceae | 39.16a (18.91–46.70) |
46.10a (18.05–70.73) |
0.54b (0.45–0.65) |
0.49b (0.42–0.71) |
39.16c (10.98–44.47) |
18.72c (9.85–64.69) |
<0.001 |
| ■Bifidobacterium | 39.12a (18.91–46.70) |
46.08a (18.01–70.72) |
0.54b (0.45–0.65) |
0.49b (0.42–0.71) |
39.12c (10.97–44.46) |
18.70c (9.82–64.66) |
<0.001 |
| •Coriobacteriia | 27.29a (14.31–48.21) |
21.64a (13.19–50.92) |
0.42b (0.32–0.48) |
0.40b (0.26–0.53) |
34.95a (5.43–46.25) |
25.28a (2.33–38.40) |
<0.001 |
| −Coriobacteriales | 27.29a (14.31–48.21) |
21.64a (13.19–50.92) |
0.42b (0.32–0.48) |
0.40b (0.26–0.53) |
34.95a (5.43–46.25) |
25.28a (2.33–38.40) |
<0.001 |
| o Coriobacteriaceae | 27.29a (14.31–48.21) |
21.64a (13.19–50.92) |
0.42b (0.32–0.48) |
0.40b (0.26–0.53) |
34.95a (5.43–46.25) |
25.28a (2.33–38.40) |
<0.001 |
| ■Adlercreutzia | 0.024a (0.003–0.051) |
0.014a (0.006–0.037) |
0.003b (0.000–0.003) |
0.000b (0.000–0.003) |
0.059c (0.006–0.094) |
0.031c (0.009–0.217) |
<0.001 |
| ■Collinsella | 9.39a (1.39–25.36) |
8.91a (3.19–21.39) |
0.21b (0.17–0.24) |
0.21b (0.16–0.25) |
8.69a (4.17–33.50) |
16.18a (1.88–20.90) |
<0.001 |
| ■Slackia | 0.13a (0.04–0.21) |
0.11a (0.05–0.27) |
0.01b (0.00–0.02) |
0.01b (0.00–0.01) |
0.17a (0.14–0.30) |
0.19a (0.01–0.35) |
<0.001 |
| Bacteroidetes | 0.54a (0.11–2.17) |
0.80a (0.17–1.67) |
0.09b (0.05–0.15) |
0.10b (0.05–0.13) |
3.35a (0.30–5.91) |
0.82a (0.08–6.37) |
<0.001 |
| •Bacteroidia | 0.54a (0.11–2.17) |
0.80a (0.17–1.67) |
0.09b (0.05–0.15) |
0.10b (0.05–0.13) |
3.35a (0.30–5.91) |
0.81a (0.08–6.37) |
<0.001 |
| −Bacteroidales | 0.54a (0.11–2.17) |
0.80a (0.17–1.67) |
0.09b (0.05–0.15) |
0.10b (0.05–0.13) |
3.35a (0.30–5.91) |
0.81a (0.08–6.37) |
<0.001 |
| o Bacteroidaceae | 0.14a (0.07–1.67) |
0.24a (0.10–1.13) |
0.07b (0.04–0.13) |
0.09b (0.04–0.11) |
3.08c (0.21–5.85) |
0.53c (0.07–6.03) |
<0.001 |
| ■Bacteroides | 0.14a (0.07–1.67) |
0.24a (0.10–1.13) |
0.07b (0.04–0.13) |
0.09b (0.04–0.11) |
3.08c (0.21–5.85) |
0.53c (0.07–6.03) |
<0.001 |
| o Porphyromonadaceae | 0.007a (0.003–0.349) |
0.013a (0.006–0.037) |
0.003b (0.003–0.011) |
0.006b (0.003–0.017) |
0.071c (0.014–0.514) |
0.063c (0.003–0.631) |
<0.001 |
| ■Parabacteroides | 0.007a (0.003–0.349) |
0.013a (0.006–0.037) |
0.003b (0.003–0.011) |
0.006b (0.003–0.017) |
0.071c (0.014–0.514) |
0.063c (0.003–0.631) |
<0.001 |
| o Prevotellaceae | 0.19a (0.01–0.63) |
0.36a (0.02–0.79) |
0.009b (0.003–0.014) |
0.006b (0.000–0.011) |
0.10a (0.01–0.21) |
0.14a (0.01–0.28) |
<0.001 |
| ■Prevotella | 0.194a (0.011–0.634) |
0.363a (0.020–0.794) |
0.009b (0.003–0.014) |
0.006b (0.000–0.011) |
0.100a (0.014–0.206) |
0.137a (0.006–0.277) |
<0.001 |
| Firmicutes | 30.29a (11.58–65.48) |
27.64a (10.37–42.67) |
91.84b (83.66–97.50) |
90.75b (74.36–98.31) |
26.21a (13.98–55.26) |
47.08a (8.84–67.65) |
<0.001 |
| •Clostridia | 12.69a (4.63–33.88) |
18.83a (6.76–35.33) |
85.49b (81.13–95.00) |
82.78b (70.84–96.36) |
15.95a (7.95–44.59) |
36.75a (2.44–45.25) |
<0.001 |
| −Clostridiales | 12.69a (4.63–33.88) |
18.83a (6.76–35.33) |
85.49b (81.13–95.00) |
82.78b (70.84–96.36) |
15.95a (7.95–44.59) |
36.75a (2.44–45.25) |
<0.001 |
| o Clostridiales; Other | 0.25a (0.10–1.14) |
0.31a (0.05–0.97) |
0.06b (0.03–0.13) |
0.05b (0.03–0.13) |
0.79a (0.09–2.01) |
0.54a (0.01–2.47) |
<0.001 |
| ■ Other | 0.25a (0.10–1.14) |
0.31a (0.05–0.97) |
0.06b (0.03–0.13) |
0.05b (0.03–0.13) |
0.79a (0.09–2.01) |
0.54a (0.01–2.47) |
<0.001 |
| o Clostridiaceae | 1.97a (1.32–6.98) |
2.28a (1.56–11.82) |
82.66b (78.23–92.91) |
80.16b (68.32–94.47) |
3.56a (1.23–22.91) |
5.99a (1.12–24.29) |
<0.001 |
| ■ Other | 0.77a (0.47–2.22) |
0.75a (0.47–4.83) |
66.32b (60.30–77.61) |
57.64b (54.96–72.51) |
0.67a (0.48–2.33) |
0.82a (0.44–5.27) |
<0.001 |
| ■ ___ | 0.83a (0.57–5.43) |
1.40a (0.82–10.25) |
8.52b (3.79–12.68) |
7.67b (3.53–13.62) |
2.71c (0.65–18.51) |
4.76c (0.47–21.95) |
<0.001 |
| ■Clostridium | 0.16a (0.11–0.25) |
0.16a (0.08–0.47) |
9.97b (8.78–11.13) |
9.20b (7.90–11.19) |
0.15a (0.09–1.63) |
0.19a (0.11–0.55) |
<0.001 |
| ■ SMB53 | 0.020a (0.009–0.151) |
0.026a (0.014–0.389) |
0.011b (0.009–0.026) |
0.016b (0.011–0.077) |
0.089c (0.014–0.740) |
0.197c (0.009–0.817) |
<0.001 |
| o Lachnospiraceae | 6.71a (1.66–16.53) |
9.12a (1.05–14.87) |
1.40b (1.14–1.79) |
1.46b (1.06–1.74) |
7.92a (2.47–16.14) |
14.56a (0.75–20.25) |
<0.001 |
| ■ Other | 0.33a (0.05–0.73) |
0.68a (0.07–1.50) |
0.06b (0.04–0.11) |
0.06b (0.03–0.09) |
0.77a (0.27–1.28) |
0.78a (0.05–1.97) |
<0.001 |
| ■Blautia | 4.75a (1.16–10.51) |
6.16a (0.42–8.29) |
0.58b (0.48–0.69) |
0.60b (0.46–0.73) |
4.49a (1.39–12.61) |
10.91a (0.36–14.02) |
0.002 |
| ■Coprococcus | 0.016a (0.011–0.066) |
0.027a (0.011–0.091) |
0.014b (0.009–0.031) |
0.013b (0.003–0.023) |
0.050c (0.014–0.117) |
0.086c (0.000–0.203) |
0.002 |
| ■Dorea | 0.52a (0.20–1.40) |
0.54a (0.16–0.96) |
0.35a (0.30–0.47) |
0.33a (0.24–0.44) |
0.69b (0.31–1.41) |
1.01b (0.18–2.23) |
0.014 |
| ■Roseburia | 0.011a (0.003–0.151) |
0.013a (0.003–0.040) |
0.007a (0.000–0.020) |
0.009a (0.000–0.023) |
0.031b (0.026–0.160) |
0.040b (0.003–0.280) |
<0.001 |
| ■ [Ruminococcus] | 0.92a (0.17–5.49) |
1.14a (0.24–3.84) |
0.25b (0.20–0.38) |
0.28b (0.18–0.35) |
0.74a (0.21–1.20) |
1.19a (0.11–2.05) |
0.002 |
| o Peptococcaceae | 0.15a (0.06–0.40) |
0.20a (0.03–0.71) |
0.06b (0.02–0.09) |
0.06b (0.03–0.09) |
0.23a (0.04–1.68) |
0.34a (0.01–1.67) |
0.015 |
| ■Peptococcus | 0.15a (0.06–0.40) |
0.20a (0.03–0.71) |
0.06b (0.02–0.09) |
0.06b (0.03–0.09) |
0.23a (0.04–1.68) |
0.34a (0.01–1.67) |
0.014 |
| o Ruminococcaceae | 1.22a (0.25–3.55) |
1.97a (0.14–9.85) |
0.25b (0.18–0.51) |
0.22b (0.17–0.38) |
0.82a (0.16–4.79) |
0.58a (0.11–2.54) |
<0.001 |
| ■Faecalibacterium | 0.010a (0.000–0.146) |
0.031a (0.003–0.077) |
0.003b (0.000–0.009) |
0.001b (0.000–0.011) |
0.006a (0.000–0.063) |
0.011a (0.000–0.091) |
0.016 |
| ■Oscillospira | 0.029a (0.009–0.163) |
0.033a (0.011–0.057) |
0.127b (0.066–0.320) |
0.100b (0.023–0.174) |
0.083b (0.026–0.434) |
0.160b (0.006–0.543) |
<0.001 |
| ■Ruminococcus | 0.017a (0.006–0.031) |
0.017a (0.006–0.040) |
0.009b (0.006–0.017) |
0.010b (0.003–0.014) |
0.034c (0.011–0.160) |
0.037c (0.003–0.054) |
0.002 |
| o Veillonellaceae | 1.03a (0.13–4.81) |
0.97a (0.54–4.88) |
0.07b (0.03–0.12) |
0.08b (0.03–0.16) |
0.26c (0.08–2.63) |
0.17c (0.08–3.91) |
<0.001 |
| ■Megamonas | 0.11a (0.01–0.22) |
0.21a (0.02–2.38) |
0.02b (0.00–0.05) |
0.02b (0.01–0.06) |
0.04a (0.02–0.35) |
0.05a (0.00–0.28) |
0.009 |
| ■Megasphaera | 0.86a (0.08–4.68) |
0.72a (0.08–2.42) |
0.04b (0.02–0.07) |
0.05b (0.02–0.08) |
0.23c (0.05–2.20) |
0.09c (0.04–3.58) |
<0.001 |
| ■Phascolarctobacterium | 0.009a (0.003–0.029) |
0.009a (0.000–0.069) |
0.000b (0.000–0.006) |
0.006b (0.000–0.017) |
0.011a (0.003–0.063) |
0.003a (0.000–0.046) |
0.004 |
| •Erysipelotrichi | 0.81a (0.21–15.32) |
1.05a (0.18–5.59) |
0.28b (0.21–0.36) |
0.30b (0.22–0.37) |
0.89a (0.21–6.46) |
0.78a (0.24–12.78) |
0.008 |
| −Erysipelotrichiales | 0.81a (0.21–15.32) |
1.05a (0.18–5.59) |
0.28b (0.21–0.36) |
0.30b (0.22–0.37) |
0.89a (0.21–6.46) |
0.78a (0.24–12.78) |
0.005 |
| o Erysipelotrichaceae | 0.81a (0.21–15.32) |
1.05a (0.18–5.59) |
0.28b (0.21–0.36) |
0.30b (0.22–0.37) |
0.89a (0.21–6.46) |
0.78a (0.24–12.78) |
0.006 |
| ■Bulleidia | 0.019a (0.006–0.194) |
0.006a (0.000–0.123) |
0.003b (0.000–0.009) |
0.004b (0.000–0.011) |
0.016a (0.000–0.431) |
0.009a (0.003–0.014) |
0.015 |
| ■[Eubacterium] | 0.26a (0.08–6.60) |
0.22a (0.04–1.17) |
0.07b (0.05–0.12) |
0.08b (0.03–0.13) |
0.27a (0.08–2.94) |
0.33a (0.10–6.63) |
<0.001 |
| Proteobacteria | 0.39a (0.24–3.03) |
0.48a (0.29–4.74) |
7.09b (1.28–15.46) |
8.34b (0.85–24.53) |
0.43a (0.28–0.57) |
0.43a (0.21–0.89) |
<0.001 |
| •Gammaproteobacteria | 0.27a (0.16–2.98) |
0.34a (0.18–4.63) |
7.04b (1.23–15.32) |
8.30b (0.83–24.39) |
0.25c (0.14–0.37) |
0.31c (0.18–0.37) |
<0.001 |
| −Aeromonadales | 0.01a (0.00–0.07) |
0.02a (0.01–0.04) |
0.03b (0.02–0.07) |
0.03b (0.01–0.05) |
0.01a (0.00–0.03) |
0.01a (0.01–0.04) |
0.010 |
| o Succinivibrionaceae | 0.009a (0.003–0.069) |
0.021a (0.006–0.043) |
0.033b (0.017–0.071) |
0.030b (0.014–0.051) |
0.014a (0.003–0.029) |
0.014a (0.006–0.040) |
0.013 |
| ■Anaerobiospirillumi | 0.007a (0.003–0.060) |
0.017a (0.006–0.029) |
0.031b (0.017–0.071) |
0.030b (0.014–0.051) |
0.014a (0.003–0.023) |
0.011a (0.006–0.037) |
0.002 |
| −Enterobacteriales | 0.26a (0.15–2.92) |
0.32a (0.14–4.62) |
6.99b (1.19–15.30) |
8.25b (0.81–24.34) |
0.23c (0.13–0.34) |
0.28c (0.17–0.33) |
<0.001 |
| o Enterobacteriaceae | 0.26a (0.15–2.92) |
0.32a (0.14–4.62) |
6.99b (1.19–15.30) |
8.25b (0.81–24.34) |
0.23c (0.13–0.34) |
0.28c (0.17–0.33) |
<0.001 |
Notes.
*
P-values adjusted based on the Benjamini and Hochberg False discovery rate (fdr).
Relative abundances that do not share a common superscript letter differed significantly (fdr-adjusted P < 0.05) based on post-hoc analysis.