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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Oct 16.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Neurosci. 2018 Apr 16;21(5):736–743. doi: 10.1038/s41593-018-0136-y

Figure 3. Complex spikes cause trial-to-trial depression in simple spike responses.

Figure 3

A. Average activity for all bursting (red) and pausing (blue) cells (top). Vertical gray lines indicate saccade onset and end. While neither of these subpopulations predict eye speed in real-time, their combined activity (bottom) into a population predicts the real-time speed of the eye4. B. Effect of error on simple spikes. Following an error in CS-on (high probability of CS), both burst and pause cells reduced their activity (top) whereas when the probability of CS was low (CS-on+180°), these cells increased their activity. The mean response across P-cells showed trial-to-trial changes which paralleled the responses of burst and pause cells. C. Effect of CS on simple spikes. When a CS was present within 25ms of the median CS response time in the post-saccadic period, simple spikes changed in the next trial for bursters, pausers, and across all cells (magenta), whereas when a CS was absent (green), there was little/no change in simple spike response on the next trial. D. CS timing played a critical role in changing the simple spikes. If the CS occurred during a temporal window of 50ms centered on the median CS time, it produced larger trial-to-trial change in simple spikes (brown) than if the CS occurred earlier (cyan) or later (red) than this time period. Lack of a CS (green) in a single trial was followed by little or no change in the simple spikes. Persistent lack of a CS in two (green) or three (red) trials resulted in increased simple spikes. E. A CS that occurred around the median period was most effective in producing trial-to-trial change in behavior. In all cases, median timing refers to a within-cell measure of post-saccadic distribution of CS timing. All error bars are standard error of the mean (SEM)across n=67 P-cells, except for part (A), where it reflects 95% confidence interval about the mean of bootstrap population of 50 randomly selected P-cells. Simple spike data were smoothed with a Savitzky-Golay filter with a width of 25ms.