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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Oct 16.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Neurosci. 2018 Apr 16;21(5):736–743. doi: 10.1038/s41593-018-0136-y

Figure 4. Persistent errors in a saccadic gain-down paradigm produce bidirectional changes in simple spikes.

Figure 4

A. Adaptation protocol. Saccades occurred in two directions. For both directions, upon saccade initiation the target was moved inward. As a result, in some trials the post-saccadic error was in direction CS-on (left), while in other trials the error was in CS-on+180° (right). Regardless of saccade/error direction, saccade gain (saccade amplitude divided by target amplitude) and saccade peak velocity declined with training. On average, the number of trials for each direction was 535±45 (mean±SEM). Error bars show standard error of the mean (SEM) across adaptation sessions for all cells (n=67). B. We organized the cells based on their CS-on direction. The plots show change in population response with respect to baseline during adaptation. Data in the amplitude axis were smoothed by a first-order Savitzky-Golay filter with a width of 3 bins. C. When errors were in direction CS-on, the population response decreased during adaptation. When errors were in direction CS-on+180°, the population response in the same cells increased. Error bars are 95% confidence intervals about the mean for bootstrap population of 50 cells. D. Change in peak response of the population relative to baseline from beginning to end of adaptation. Error bars are 95% confidence about the mean interval for bootstrap population of 50 cells.