TABLE 2.
Prospective cohort studies relating protein intake to kidney function outcomes in healthy adults1
| Study | Subjects (follow-up duration) | Protein source and distribution (Sodium levels) | Protein intake, g/d (total cohort) | Protein intake, g/kg (total cohort) | Protein intake,2 % kcal (total cohort) | Results and conclusions3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Herber-Gast et al., 2016 (18) | Healthy Dutch adults, n = 3798; age: 35.5–54.9 y (15 y) | Total (Na NR) | 82.4 | NR | 14.5 | eGFR: Baseline 108.6 mL · min–1 · 1.73 m–2; annual decline –1.01 Conclusions: Intake of total, vegetable, and animal protein are not associated with changes in eGFR over time; increased low-fat dairy was associated with less eGFR decline (P = 0.0004) Strengths/limitations: Large sample size with adequate follow-up/GFR estimated; self-administered dietary FFQ |
| Vegetable (Na NR) | 30.2 | NR | 5.3 | |||
| Animal (Na NR) | 52.0 | NR | 9.1 | |||
| Nondairy animal (Na NR) | 27.6 | NR | 4.9 | |||
| Dairy (Na NR) | 24.5 | NR | 4.3 | |||
| Rebholz et al., 2015 (19) | Healthy US adults, n = 15,792; age: 45–64 y (21 y) | Total (Na NR) | 72.4 | NR | 17.8 | Kidney disease incidence: Neither total (P = 0.40) nor animal protein (P = 0.10) were associated with increased risk of kidney disease (15.6% during follow-up); vegetable protein was associated (P < 0.004) with an 11% decrease in kidney disease risk; eGFR = 102–104 mL · min–1 · 1.73 m–2 (N) Net endogenous acid production (mEq): Higher acid load (P = 0.004), with an 8% increased risk of kidney disease Conclusions: As total and animal protein intake were not linked to disease, limited vegetable protein intake may, in part, contribute to increased risk Strengths/limitations: Large sample size; adequate follow-up/self-administered FFQ: GFR estimated |
| Vegetable (Na NR) | 17.7 | NR | 4.4 | |||
| Animal (Na NR) | 54.6 | NR | 13.5 |
1
Normal reference values: GFR = ≥90 mL · min–1 · 1.73 m–2. eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; N, normal; NR, not reported.
2
Calculated from data provided in study publication.
3
Values reported as means by original publication.