Table 1.
Characteristics of participants by diabetes group
| No diabetes** | Type 1 diabetes | Type 2 diabetes** | P* | P† | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 30 | 82 | 31 | ||
| Sex (female) | 40.0 (12) | 54.9 (45) | 48.4 (15) | 0.37 | 0.54 |
| Age (years) | 64.0 ± 3.9 | 66.5 ± 7.1 | 69.3 ± 8.1 | 0.02 | 0.25 |
| Age at diagnosis (years) | N/A | 11.5 ± 6.2 | 50.3 ± 11.9 | <0.001 | |
| Duration of disease (years) | N/A | 55.2 ± 5.1 | 19.1 ± 15.6 | <0.001 | |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.6 ± 0.4 | 7.1 ± 0.8 | 8.1 ± 1.4 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 38.1 ± 4.0 | 54.0 ± 8.6 | 64.7 ± 15.6 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.6 ± 4.9 | 26.1 ± 4.8 | 31.3 ± 6.3 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 72.5 ± 10.1 | 66.0 ± 7.5 | 72.3 ± 8.7 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 125.8 ± 13.6 | 134.1 ± 17.7 | 135.8 ± 13.9 | 0.02 | 0.40 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 2.0 ± 0.7 | 2.2 ± 0.9 | 0.002 | 0.48 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.8 ± 0.9 | 4.2 ± 0.9 | 4.3 ± 1.3 | 0.01 | 0.83 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.8 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 4.5 ± 0.9 | 7.0 ± 2.1 | 10.7 ± 4.7 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| CVD | 34.6 (28) | ||||
| PDR (ETDRS >53) | N/A | 41.9 (31) | 8.3 (1) | ||
| Diabetic nephropathy (eGFR ≤45 mL/min/1.73 m2) | N/A | 4.9 (4) | 8.3 (1) | ||
| Neuropathy (MNSI ≥2) | N/A | 64.0 (48) | 25.0 (3) | ||
| Hypertension | 55.6 (5) | 67.1 (53) | 66.7 (8) | ||
| Antihypertensive use | 33.3 (3) | 59.0 (46) | 58.3 (7) | ||
| Lipid-lowering medication | 11.1 (1) | 68.8 (55) | 41.7 (5) | ||
| Report physical activity | 84.2 (69) | ||||
| Report ever smoking | 44.4 (4) | 41.5 (34) | 33.3 (4) | ||
| Insulin use | N/A | 100.0 (82) | 66.7 (8) |
Values are presented as mean ± SD for continuous variables and % (n) for categorical variables unless otherwise noted. ETDRS, Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Score; MNSI, Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument; N/A, not applicable.
*P value from ANOVA comparison across the three groups: no diabetes, type 1 diabetes (Medalists), and type 2 diabetes.
†P value from Kruskal-Wallis comparison of type 1 diabetes (Medalists) and type 2 diabetes.
**Some clinical characteristics unavailable or available for a subset of participants without diabetes and participants with type 2 diabetes.