Table 3.

Phenotypes associated with loss of function of epigenome modifier genes in mice.

Gene	Type	Target	Phenotype	Reference
Dnmt1	Rx-Cre	RPC	Thinner retinal layers / Absence of outer segments Lack of S-cones / Aberrant morphology and polarity of RPE	(Nasonkin et al., 2013)
Dnmt1	Chx10-Cre	RPC	RPC cell-cycle defects / Degeneration Aberrant photoreceptor differentiation	(Rhee et al., 2012)
Dnmt1/3a/3b	Rx-Cre	RPC	Global hypomethylation / Disorganization of synaptic layer Aberrant photoreceptor differentiation/Lack of S-cones	(Singh et al., 2017)
Ep300/Crebbp	Opsin-Cre	PR	Disrupted PR cell morphology and function Loss of chromatin structure	(Hennig et al., 2013)
Sirt1	ESCs	Germline	Thin retinas with rosette-like structures	(Cheng et al., 2003)
Sirt6	ESCs	Germline	Disrupted ERG / Dysregulation of metabolic genes	(Silberman et al., 2014)
Kdm5b (Jarid1b)	shRNA	P0 retina	Aberrant rod morphology / Dysregulation of gene expression	(Hao et al., 2012)
Kdm6b (Jmjd3)	shRNA	E17 retina	Failed differentiation of rod bipolar cells	(Iida et al., 2014)
Bmi1	ESCs	Germline	Decreased proliferation of peripheral RPCs	(Chatoo et al., 2010)
Bmi1	ESCs	Germline	Degeneration of cone bipolar cells and cone photoreceptors	(Barabino et al., 2016)
Samd7	ESCs	Germline	De-repression of non-rod genes in rod photoreceptors	(Omori et al., 2017)
Ehmt2 (G9a)	Dkk-Cre	RPC	Loss of photoreceptor / Rosette formation Persistent proliferation	(Katoh et al., 2012)
Ehmt2 (G9a)	Crx-Cre	PR	No overt phenotype	(Katoh et al., 2012)
Ezh2	Chx10-Cre	RPC	Postnatal photoreceptor degeneration Dysregulation of photoreceptor genes	(Yan et al., 2016)
Ezh2	Math5-Cre	RGC	No overt phenotype	(Yan et al., 2016)
Ezh2	Pax6-Cre or Six-Cre	RPC	Reduction of postnatal precursor proliferation Aberrant lamination Increased differentiation of late-born neurons Upregulation of non-retinal genes	(Zhang et al., 2015a)
Ezh2	Dkk-Cre	RPC	Microphthalmia / Impaired postnatal proliferation Increased proportion of ON-bipolar cells Accelerated differentiation of rods and Müller glia	(Iida et al., 2015)
Ezh2	Dkk-Cre	RPC	Upregulation of rod-specific genes in rods	(Ueno et al., 2016)
Ezh2	Rx-Cre	RPC	Increased differentiation of Müller glia	(Fujimura et al., 2018)
Eed	Rx-Cre	RPC	Reduced RPC proliferation / Increased proportion of amacrine cells / Postnatal cell-death Aberrant bipolar	(Fujimura et al., 2018)
Prdm8	ESCs	Germline	cell differentiation and survival	(Jung et al., 2015)

ESC, embryonic stem cell; PR, Photoreceptor; RGC, retinal ganglion cell; RPC, retinal progenitor cell.