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. 2018 Jul 20;8:11013. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-29044-y

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of Uncaria tomentosa (UT) on glucose metabolism of HFD mice. The animals were fed a HFD for 12-week period and then administered 50 mg.kg^-1 b.w. of crude plant extract (UT), once a day, for 5 consecutive days or saline under the same regimen. The groups were: standard diet (SD), standard diet+UT (SD+UT), high fat diet (HFD) and high fat diet+UT (HFD+UT). The results are presented as mean ± SEM. The statistical differences as indicated by two-way ANOVA. Fasting blood glucose is represented in (A); *p < 0.0001 (SD vs. HFD, SD vs. HFD+UT), ^#p < 0.0001 (SD+UT vs. HFD, SD+UT vs. HFD+UT), ^&p < 0.0001 (HFD vs. HFD+UT); n = 5. Fasting blood insulin concentration (B); *p < 0.01 (SD vs. HFD), ^#p < 0.01 (SD+UT vs. HFD), ^&p < 0.05 (HFD vs. HFD+UT), n = 4. GTT is represented in (C); *p < 0.05 (SD vs. HFD; SD vs. HFD+UT), ^#p < 0.05 (SD+UT vs. HFD; SD+UT vs. HFD+UT; n = 10. Insulin tolerance test (ITT) is represented in (D); *p < 0.05 (compared to SD), ^#p < 0.05 (compared to SD+UT), ^&p < 0.05 (compared to HFD), n = 5. Phosphorylated proteins (E–H) were represented by the ratio of the optical densitometry of phosphorylated protein and total protein expression. The statistical differences as indicated by two-way ANOVA were as follows: *p < 0.05 (stimulated groups (+) vs. not stimulated groups (−) with insulin), ^#p < 0.05 (compared to SD+), ^&p < 0.05 (compared to SD+UT), ^$p < 0.05 (compared to HFD+); n = 6.