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. 2018 Jul 20;8:10975. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-29175-2

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Damage to Nezara viridula by the presence of hooked trichomes in Phaseolus vulgaris leaves. Cryo-SEM micrographs of damaged pulvilli (A–C). A Pulvillus (P) and basipulvillus (BP) impaled by several hooked trichomes (arrows). (B) Hooked trichomes penetrated in the pulvillus broken at the solid base (TB), TM, middle part. (C) Hooked trichomes penetrated in the pulvillus broken along the stable solid hooked part (HT). (D) Safety factor (friction force divided by the insect weight) obtained with Nezara viridula on glass before and after walking on adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces of the cv. Blue lake and cv. Bronco of Phaseolus vulgaris. Bars indicate the means ± s.e.m. Columns with an asterisk are significantly different at P < 0.05, Student’s t-test for dependent samples. Cryo-SEM micrographs of the adaxial (E,F) and abaxial (G,H) leaf surfaces and density (mean ± s.e.m. of number mm⁻²) of non-glandular straight and hooked trichomes of the two cultivars of P. vulgaris. For each leaf surface, trichome densities with an asterisk are significantly different at P < 0.05, Student’s t-test for independent samples.