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. 2018 Jul 20;8:10966. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-29298-6

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of net charges at pH 7 and types of CPPs on cell penetration efficiencies into BY-2 cells and N. benthamiana leaves. (a) Relationship between net charges at pH 7 of 55 types of CPPs and the cell penetration efficiency. (b) The cell penetration efficiencies of cationic, amphipathic, and hydrophobic CPPs. The CPP types are listed in Table 1. All data are expressed as the means ± S.D. from triplicate tests; the mean data labeled with different letters (x, y, and z) are significantly different (Tukey’s HSD test, P < 0.05).