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. 2018 Jul 20;8:10966. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-29298-6

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cell penetration efficiency into N. benthamiana leaf epidermal cells by 55 CPPs. (a) The efficiency of penetration determined by counting the penetrated cells at 2 h after infiltration at 30 °C. All data are expressed as the means ± S.D. from triplicate tests; the means labeled with different letters (x, y, and z) are significantly different (Tukey’s HSD test, P < 0.05). (b) CLSM images of the three CPPs with the highest cell penetration efficiency into N. benthamiana leaf epidermal cells. The CLSM images are overlay of TAMRA fluorescence signal (red) and DIC.