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. 2018 Jul 20;8:10966. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-29298-6

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison of cell penetration efficiency by 15 CPPs into different plant species. Based on the results from BY-2 cells, five high efficiency CPPs (peptide No. 5, 17, 49, 52, and 55), five medium efficiency CPPs (peptide No. 1, 26, 27, 37, and 40), and five low efficiency CPPs (peptide No. 11, 14, 15, 34, and 50) were selected. In addition to BY-2 cells, leaves of N. benthamiana, A. thaliana, Moneymaker tomato, poplar, and rice were used. (a) Cell penetration efficiency of 15 CPPs. All data are expressed as the means ± S.D. from triplicate tests; the mean data labeled with different letters (x, y, and z) are significantly different (Tukey’s HSD test, P < 0.05). (b) CLSM images of six plant species treated with a TAMRA-labeled CPP (Peptide No. 27. HPV33L2-445/467). The CLSM images are overlay of TAMRA fluorescence signal (red) and DIC.