Table 2.

Themes identified across the included studies.

Reference	Theme 1: Disparities in use	Theme 2: Improved health outcomes	Theme 3: Enhancing self-management support	Theme 4: Accessibility primarily using messaging	Theme 5: Technical challenges, barriers to use, and system features
Ralston et al 2004 [32]			✓		✓
Hess et al 2006 [33]	✓		✓
Shea et al 2006 [34]		✓
Harris et al 2009 [35]		✓		✓
Hess et al 2007 [36]			✓	✓	✓
Ralston et al 2009 [37]		✓		✓
Roblin et al 2009 [38]	✓
Sarkar et al 2010 [39]	✓
Wald et al 2010 [40]	✓		✓
Weppner et al 2010 [41]	✓
Bredfeldt et al 2011 [42]	✓	✓	✓
Tenforde et al 2011 [43]	✓	✓			✓
Grembowski et al 2012 [44]				✓
Lyles et al 2012 [45]	✓
Wade-Vuturo 2013 [46]		✓	✓		✓
Berryman et al 2013 [47]		✓
Harris et al 2013 [48]		✓
Tang et al 2013 [49]
Jones et al 2015 [50]	✓
Sarkar et al 2011 [51]	✓
Grant et al 2008 [52]		✓	✓
Holbrook et al 2009 [53]		✓
Ronda et al 2015 [54]	✓
Ronda et al 2014 [55]	✓				✓
Ronda et al 2013 [56]	✓
Fisher et al 2009 [57]			✓
Jilka et al 2015 [58]
Bomba et al 2004 [59]				✓