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. 2018 Jul 18;14:1831–1842. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S165378

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© 2018 Shih et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

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Meta-analysis of (A) overall manganese levels in ADHD children and controls, (B) blood manganese levels in ADHD children and controls, and (C) pooled adjusted OR for the association between manganese levels and ADHD.

Notes: (A) There were significantly higher overall manganese levels in ADHD children than those in controls (Hedges’ g=0.305, 95% CI=0.025–0.585, p=0.033). (B) There were no significantly different blood manganese levels in ADHD children and controls (Hedges’ g=0.329, 95% CI=−0.035 to 0.693, p=0.076). (C) There was a significant association between manganese levels and diagnosis of ADHD as shown by pooled adjusted OR (OR=1.849, 95% CI=1.149–2.976, p=0.011).

Abbreviations: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; C-type, combined type; DISC-IV, Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV; DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition; I-type, inattention type.

Meta-analysis of (A) overall manganese levels in ADHD children and controls, (B) blood manganese levels in ADHD children and controls, and (C) pooled adjusted OR for the association between manganese levels and ADHD.

Notes: (A) There were significantly higher overall manganese levels in ADHD children than those in controls (Hedges’ g=0.305, 95% CI=0.025–0.585, p=0.033). (B) There were no significantly different blood manganese levels in ADHD children and controls (Hedges’ g=0.329, 95% CI=−0.035 to 0.693, p=0.076). (C) There was a significant association between manganese levels and diagnosis of ADHD as shown by pooled adjusted OR (OR=1.849, 95% CI=1.149–2.976, p=0.011).

Abbreviations: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; C-type, combined type; DISC-IV, Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV; DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition; I-type, inattention type.