Table 4.
Individual medications (ordered by number of users) and covariate-adjusted odds ratio estimates of their associations with ANA positivity (1999–2004 NHANES) a
| Medication | D | D+ | OR (95% CI) | Medication | D | D+ | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Statins | 322 | 42 | 0.78 (0.48, 1.27) | Insulin | 56 | 6 | 1.25 (0.40, 3.91) |
| Estrogenic compoundsb | 283 | 49 | 0.81 (0.58, 1.14) | Paroxetine | 54 | 11 | 1.30 (0.64, 2.62) |
| Hydrochlorothiazide | 266 | 44 | 0.80 (0.53, 1.21) | Verapamil | 53 | 11 | 1.38 (0.55, 3.44) |
| Levothyroxine | 182 | 34 | 0.93 (0.53, 1.62) | Amoxicillin | 51 | 10 | 1.55 (0.66, 3.67) |
| Lisinopril | 168 | 21 | 0.79 (0.42, 1.46) | Benazepril | 50 | 9 | 1.52 (0.62, 3.74) |
| Acetaminophen | 167 | 23 | 0.80 (0.46, 1.39) | Ranitidine | 50 | 9 | 1.21 (0.57, 2.57) |
| Estrogensb | 164 | 31 | 0.82 (0.55, 1.21) | Losartan | 48 | 7 | 1.16 (0.42, 3.26) |
| Atorvastatin | 151 | 16 | 0.61 (0.31, 1.19) | Nifedipine | 45 | 8 | 0.96 (0.36, 2.57) |
| Metformin | 131 | 14 | 0.49 (0.21, 1.14) | Valsartan | 44 | 7 | 0.98 (0.42, 2.30) |
| Estradiolsb | 120 | 18 | 0.95 (0.57, 1.57) | Prednisone | 42 | 7 | 0.64 (0.22, 1.89) |
| Amlodipine | 119 | 21 | 0.99 (0.54, 1.80) | Enalapril | 42 | 5 | 0.63 (0.21, 1.93) |
| Atenolol | 118 | 21 | 1.27 (0.64, 2.54) | Naproxen | 41 | 7 | 1.85 (0.64, 5.30) |
| Furosemide | 112 | 22 | 1.79 (1.09, 2.93) | Alendronate | 40 | 8 | 0.56 (0.21, 1.47) |
| Metoprolol | 104 | 22 | 1.27 (0.68, 2.38) | Cetirizine | 40 | 6 | 0.52 (0.18, 1.49) |
| Albuterol | 93 | 13 | 0.75 (0.38, 1.47) | Clopidogrel | 40 | 6 | 1.12 (0.42, 2.98) |
| Hydrocodone | 90 | 8 | 0.85 (0.34, 2.10) | Pravastatin | 39 | 6 | 1.31 (0.47, 3.67) |
| Simvastatin | 85 | 12 | 0.66 (0.31, 1.39) | Salmeterol | 34 | 9 | 1.49 (0.89, 2.47) |
| Ibuprofen | 83 | 7 | 0.71 (0.29, 1.75) | Trazodone | 32 | 5 | 0.41 (0.10, 1.63) |
| Potassium | 80 | 18 | 1.47 (0.82, 2.66) | Esomeprazole | 30 | 7 | 1.38 (0.50, 3.81) |
| Rofecoxib | 79 | 17 | 1.04 (0.59, 1.83) | Propranolol | 30 | 7 | 1.19 (0.42, 3.37) |
| Triamterene | 73 | 17 | 1.43 (0.76, 2.70) | Tramadol | 30 | 5 | 0.58 (0.21, 1.58) |
| Lansoprazole | 73 | 10 | 0.77 (0.31, 1.92) | Doxazosin | 27 | 5 | 0.88 (0.27, 2.90) |
| Fexofenadine | 71 | 12 | 1.11 (0.64, 1.94) | Glimepiride | 26 | 6 | 0.46 (0.13, 1.63) |
| Omeprazole | 69 | 17 | 2.05 (1.03, 4.10) | Norethindroneb | 26 | 6 | 1.34 (0.45, 4.00) |
| Glyburide | 69 | 6 | 0.40 (0.15, 1.07) | Zolpidem | 25 | 7 | 1.87 (0.79, 4.40) |
| Fluticasone | 66 | 9 | 0.68 (0.40, 1.16) | Codeine | 25 | 6 | 1.90 (0.68, 5.33) |
| Diltiazem | 64 | 12 | 1.16 (0.54, 2.48) | Montelukast | 24 | 6 | 1.91 (0.62, 5.89) |
| Warfarin | 64 | 8 | 0.74 (0.27, 2.06) | Lorazepam | 24 | 5 | 1.76 (0.60, 5.12) |
| Celecoxib | 62 | 9 | 0.56 (0.25, 1.27) | Meclizine | 21 | 5 | 1.34 (0.49, 3.63) |
| Digoxin | 60 | 14 | 1.49 (0.67, 3.32) | Phenytoin | 19 | 8 | 3.67 (0.94, 14.3) |
| Medroxyprogesteroneb | 57 | 11 | 1.01 (0.45, 2.27) | Tolterodine | 15 | 6 | 2.10 (0.50, 8.82) |
| Propoxyphene | 56 | 8 | 0.51 (0.18, 1.46) | Ciprofloxacin | 15 | 5 | 4.23 (1.21, 14.8) |
Abbreviations: ANA = antinuclear antibodies; D = number of participants who used the medication of interest; D+ = number of ANA-positive participants who used the medication of interest; OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.
Each OR is for medication use and was estimated using a logistic regression model for ANA prevalence. The medication use variable indicates whether a participant used the medication of interest, alone or together with other medications, during the month before the NHANES interview. All estimates adjusted for the sampling design; a linear covariate for age; and categorical covariates for sex, race/ethnicity, and body mass index. Participants who were pregnant, under 18 years of age, or had missing data were excluded. Medications used by fewer than 5 ANA-positive participants (i.e., D+ < 5) are not listed. Bold typeface indicates a CI that does not include 1 (i.e., is statistically significant at the 0.05 level).
Results are for females only.