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. 2018 Jul 16;12:205. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00205

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Copyright © 2018 Lu, Bai, Cao, Luo, Yang, Kang, Shi, Fan and Zhao.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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rGDF11 enhanced NPCs proliferation via TGF-β-Smads signaling. (A) Representative immunoblots of p-Smad2, p-Smad3, and total Smad2/3 from sham-operated mice and mice treated with vehicle, rGDF11 or rGDF11 in combination with SB431542 (SB) at 14 days after stroke. (B) Quantification of p-Smad2 and p-Smad3 for each group. n = 5 per group. (C,D) Double immunostaining of BrdU with DCX (C) and Sox2 (D) in the SVZ of mice treated with vehicle, rGDF11, rGDF11 in combination with SB431542 (SB) or SB431542, and quantitative determination of BrdU⁺, BrdU⁺/DCX⁺ (C), Sox2⁺, and BrdU⁺/Sox2⁺ (D) cells for each group. Scale bar = 40 μm. n = 6 per group. Values are mean ± SD. ^∗P < 0.05.