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. 2018 Jul 16;9:473. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00473

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Copyright © 2018 Chakraborty, Llamusi and Artero.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The overall experimental set up for determination of Drosophila cardiac parameters. (A) Schematic representation of Drosophila heart or dorsal vessel. The heart extends from A2 to A6 abdominal segment. The conical chamber, which is present at the beginning of the dorsal vessel. The ostia which are the openings in the heart help to redistribute hemolymph from the heart to the body cavity. The bold lines near the heart represent alary muscle which connect the heart to the cuticle. The pericardial cells or nephrocytes are marked in the figure which has kidney like functions. The rostral and the caudal side of the heart are marked respectively. (B) Gal4-UAS system is used to express transgenes in the Drosophila heart. GMH5-Gal4 flies are crossed with UAS strains carrying the different length of repeats to drive the repeat expression in the F1 offspring. (C) F1 female flies are anesthetized, dissected and maintained in aerated artificial hemolymph solution (pH 7.1). The dissected hearts are recorded for 20 s with a high-speed digital video camera and processed with SOHA. The red arrow represents the Drosophila heart. (D) A Drosophila heart is marked at systole and diastole phase. A representative 2D kymograph indicates heart period (HP), end systolic and end diastolic diameters (ESD and EDD), systolic and diastolic intervals (DI and SI).