Table 1.
Differentially transcribed genes (DTGs) in the differentiated colon adenocarcinoma cell line, Caco-2, during interaction with Giardia intestinalis GS isolate.
| Symbol | Gene name | Fold change | Function | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.5h | 3h | 4.5h | |||
| INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES | |||||
| cxcl3 | C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 3 | 235.1 | 18.1 | 7.2 | Chemoattractant, monocytes |
| ccl20 | C-C motif chemokine ligand 20 | 153.4 | 171.9 | 91.1 | Chemoattractant, lymphocytes and DCs |
| cxcl1 | C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 | 121.8 | 26.7 | 8.1 | Chemoattractant, neutrophils |
| cxcl2 | C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2 | 46.3 | 3.9 | 1.5 | Chemoattractant, PMN |
| cxcl8 | C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 | 41.3 | 15.2 | 8.3 | Chemoattractant, neutrophils |
| cxcl10 | C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 | 33.4 | 43.7 | 28.9 | Chemoattractant, monocytes, T cells, NK cells and DCs |
| ccl2 | C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 | 22.6 | 15.5 | 6 | Chemoattractant, monocytes, memory T cells and DCs |
| il1a | interleukin 1 alpha | 16.8 | 10 | 3.8 | Proliferation of T cells, proliferation and maturation of B cells |
| csf1 | colony stimulating factor 1 | 7.2 | 7.4 | 3.9 | Proliferation and differentiation of monocytes and macrophages |
| nos2 | nitric oxide synthase 2 | 7.1 | 14.2 | 10.3 | Production of nitric oxide, a cytotoxic compound to microbes |
| il1b | interleukin 1 beta | 6.5 | 8.7 | 4.5 | Neutrophils recruitment, B and T cells activation |
| il10ra | interleukin 10 receptor subunit alpha | 3.8 | 10 | 3.4 | Binds IL10 with a high affinity |
| ptgs2 | prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 2 | Production of prostaglandins, anti-inflammatory |
| ackr3 | atypical chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR7) | 3.4 | 1.3 | 0.63 | Controls chemokine levels and localization |
| cx3cl1 | C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 2 | Chemoattractant, T cells and monocytes |
| ifngr1 | interferon gamma receptor 1 | 1.9 | 3 | 3.2 | Receptor for the cytokine interferon gamma |
| il12a | interleukin 12A | 2.4 | 3.9 | 2.5 | Enhances lytic activity of activated T and NK cells, induction of interferon gamma by PMNC |
| clcf1 | cardiotrophin like cytokine factor 1 | 1.8 | 3.9 | 6 | Cytokine with B-cell stimulating capability |
| il34 | interleukin 34 | 0.81 | 0.45 | 0.41 | Promotes the proliferation, survival and differentiation of monocytes and macrophages |
| xcl1 | X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 | 0.7 | 0.49 | 0.44 | Chemotactic activity for lymphocytes but not for monocytes or neutrophils |
| f2rl1 | F2R like trypsin receptor 1 | 2.1 | 4.5 | 4.9 | Modulation of inflammatory responses and regulation of innate and adaptive immunity |
| cd55 | CD55 molecule (Cromer blood group) | 3.3 | 9.9 | 12.2 | Inhibits complement activation |
| il11 | interleukin 11 | 1.9 | 5.7 | 10.8 | Stimulates the proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells and megakaryocyte progenitor cells |
| ccrl2 | C-C motif chemokine receptor like 2 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 4.3 | Plays a critical role for the development of Th2 responses |
| tlr2 | toll like receptor 2 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.43 | Cooperates with TLR1 or TLR6 to mediate the innate immune response to bacterial lipoproteins or lipopeptides |
| REGULATION OF NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA B (NFκB) ACTIVITY | |||||
| tnfaip3 | TNF alpha induced protein 3 | 27 | 2.3 | 1.3 | Terminates NFκB activity |
| nfkbid | NFKB inhibitor delta | 14.6 | 2.5 | 2.2 | Regulation of NFκB activity |
| nfkbiz | NFKB inhibitor zeta | 6.2 | 1.7 | 1.4 | Regulation of NFκB transcription factor complexes |
| nfkbie | NFKB inhibitor epsilon | 3.4 | 1.5 | 1 | Inhibits NFκB by complexing with and trapping it in the cytoplasm |
| relb | RELB proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit | 3.1 | 5.5 | 2.9 | Subunit of NFκB transcription factor |
| nfkb1 | nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 | 1.2 | 3.8 | 1.5 | Pleiotropic transcription factor |
| INDUCTION OF ACTIVATOR PROTEIN-1 (AP-1) TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR | |||||
| fosb | FosB proto-oncogene | 11.3 | 3.2 | 2.6 | AP-1 transcription factor subunit |
| fos | Fos proto-oncogene | 10.3 | 13 | 15.9 | AP-1 transcription factor subunit |
| junb | JunB proto-oncogene | 6.5 | 6.8 | 4.5 | AP-1 transcription factor subunit |
| REGULATION OF MAPK CASCADE | |||||
| trib1 | tribbles pseudokinase 1 | 5.8 | 4.8 | 3.9 | Regulates activation of MAP kinases |
| dusp1 | dual specificity phosphatase 1 | 9.7 | 11.6 | 13.3 | Inactivation of MAPKs |
| dusp4 | dual specificity phosphatase 4 | 6.0 | 9.5 | 9.9 | Inactivation of MAPKs |
| dusp5 | dual specificity phosphatase 5 | 5.9 | 6.8 | 9.4 | Inactivation of MAPKs |
| dusp2 | dual specificity phosphatase 2 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 4.5 | Inactivation of MAPKs |
| mapk14 | mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 | 0.9 | 0.63 | 0.63 | MAPK signal transduction pathway |
| MODULATION OF IMMUNE RESPONSES VIA mRNA DECAY | |||||
| noct | nocturnin | 7.8 | 4.2 | 2.7 | Binds poly(A) tails of specific mRNAs leading to their degradation |
| zfp36 | ZFP36 ring finger protein | 6.6 | 6.8 | 8.1 | Binds AU-rich element (ARE)-containing mRNAs, inducing decay |
| zc3h12a | zinc finger CCCH-type containing 12A | 6.2 | 3.6 | 2.9 | Acts as an endoribonuclease involved in mRNA decay |
| CELL CYCLE REGULATION | |||||
| btg2 | BTG anti-proliferation factor 2 | 8.2 | 2.7 | 2 | Anti-proliferative protein |
| gadd45b | growth arrest and DNA damage inducible beta | 7.4 | 2.3 | 1.3 | Regulation of growth and apoptosis |
| gadd45a | growth arrest and DNA damage inducible alpha | 4.9 | 7.2 | 3.4 | Inhibits entry of cells into S phase |
| rgcc | regulator of cell cycle | 3.6 | 2.7 | 1.9 | Modulates the activity of cell cycle-specific kinases |
| cks1b | CDC28 protein kinase regulatory subunit 1B | 0.3 | 1 | 0.9 | Essential for biological function of cyclin dependent kinases |
| plk3 | polo like kinase 3 | 3.5 | 5.9 | 6.8 | Cell cycle regulation |
| cdkn1a | cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A | 0.7 | 0.8 | 3.2 | Mediates p53/TP53 role as an inhibitor of cellular proliferation in response to DNA damage |
| rassf4 | Ras association domain family member 4 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.2 | May promote apoptosis and cell cycle arrest |
| cdk14 | cyclin dependent kinase 14 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.4 | Involved in the control of the eukaryotic cell cycle, whose activity is controlled by an associated cyclin |
| fancc | Fanconi anemia complementation group C | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.5 | DNA repair protein that may operate in a post-replication repair or a cell cycle checkpoint function |
| REGULATION OF APOPTOSIS | |||||
| pim3 | Pim-3 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase | 5.1 | 4.6 | 3 | Anti-apoptotic protein |
| bbc3 | BCL2 binding component 3 | 5.0 | 5.2 | 4.9 | Essential mediator of p53/TP53-dependent or independent apoptosis |
| pmaip1 | phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1 | 4.8 | 3.5 | 3.4 | Promotes activation of caspases and apoptosis |
| phlda1 | pleckstrin homology like domain family A member 1 | 2.7 | 8.3 | 7 | Regulation of apoptosis |
| aen | apoptosis enhancing nuclease | 2.5 | 3.4 | 3.5 | Mediates p53-induced apoptosis (DNA damage) |
| mcl1 | MCL1, BCL2 family apoptosis regulator | 2.2 | 2.8 | 3.6 | Regulation of apoptosis versus cell survival |
| tnfrsf10b | TNF receptor superfamily member 10b | 2.0 | 3.5 | 3.4 | Activates caspase-8 mediated apoptosis pathway |
| tnfsf10 | TNF superfamily member 10 | 0.8 | 0.58 | 0.46 | induces apoptosis |
| diablo | diablo IAP-binding mitochondrial protein | 2.8 | 5.6 | 4.7 | Promotes apoptosis by activating caspases in the cytochrome c/Apaf-1/caspase-9 pathway |
| GLUCOSE UPTAKE AND PRODUCTION, TOLERANCE TO GLUCOSE STARVATION | |||||
| pck1 | phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 | 12.1 | 10.4 | 5.6 | Produces glucose from lactate |
| slc2a6 | solute carrier family 2 member 6 | 3.0 | 3.4 | 2.9 | Facilitative glucose transporter |
| gsk3a | glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha | 2.6 | 3.7 | 1.8 | Negative regulator in the hormonal control of glucose homeostasis |
| nuak2 | NUAK family kinase 2 | 2.5 | 0.49 | 0.45 | Tolerance to glucose starvation |
| slc2a3 | solute carrier family 2 member 3 | 1.2 | 2 | 5.3 | Facilitative glucose transporter that can also mediate the uptake of other monosaccharides across the cell membrane |
| g6pc | glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit | 1.3 | 0.9 | 0.3 | Hydrolyzes glucose-6-phosphate to glucose in the endoplasmic reticulum, glucose production |
| INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL BARRIER FUNCTION | |||||
| cldn4 | claudin 4 | 2.1 | 2.7 | 3.1 | Plays a major role in tight junction-specific obliteration of the intercellular space |
| cldn7 | claudin 7 | 1 | 11.6 | 1.2 | Plays a major role in tight junction-specific obliteration of the intercellular space |
| cdhr5 | cadherin related family member 5 | 3.9 | 5.6 | 5.9 | Controls the packing of microvilli at the apical membrane of epithelial cells. |
| muc2 | mucin 2, oligomeric mucus/gel-forming | 1.6 | 7.4 | 19 | Provides a protective, lubricating barrier against infectious agents at mucosal surfaces |
| cgnl1 | cingulin like 1 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.2 | Anchoring the apical junctional complex, especially tight junctions, to actin-based cytoskeletons |
| mpp5 | membrane palmitoylated protein 5 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.5 | Plays a role in tight junctions biogenesis and in the establishment of cell polarity in epithelial cells |
| cldn19 | claudin 19 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 | Plays a major role in tight junction-specific obliteration of the intercellular space |
| amot | angiomotin | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.3 | Plays a central role in tight junction maintenance |
| Response to oxidative stress | |||||
| sod2 | superoxide dismutase 2 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.1 | Destroys superoxide anion radicals |
| gpx2 | glutathione peroxidase 2 | 1.5 | 3.6 | 7.6 | Protects from the toxicity of hydroperoxides |
| srxn1 | sulfiredoxin 1 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 2.1 | Resistance to oxidative stress by reducing cysteine-sulfinic acid formed under exposure to oxidants |
| sesn2 | sestrin 2 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.1 | reduction of oxidized peroxiredoxins |
| trpm2 | transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 2 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 4.7 | Confers susceptibility to cell death following oxidative stress. |
| nfe2l2 | nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 | 1.9 | 2.6 | 2.5 | Transcription activator that binds to antioxidant response (ARE) elements in the promoter regions of target genes. |
| nox1 | NADPH oxidase 1 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 3.1 | Generates superoxide and might conduct H+ ions as part of its electron transport mechanism |
| noxa1 | NADPH oxidase activator 1 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 | Functions as an activator of NOX1, a superoxide- producing NADPH oxidase. |
The table shows DTGs associated with different functions and the fold change in their RNA level at 1.5, 3, and 4.5 h of interaction. The function of DTGs is derived from the https://string-db.org. The fold change in RNA level for significantly down-regulated genes are indicated in bold font whereas underlined fold change indicates an insignificant change in RNA level.