Table 2.
Perceived knowledge and importance of topics, awareness and knowledge of potential risks.
| N | T1 (mean, SD) | N | T2 (mean, SD) | Z value | p | Effect size (r) | N | Control (mean, SD) | Z value (comparison with intervention group at T2) | p | Effect size (η2) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PERCEIVED KNOWLEDGE OF: | ||||||||||||
| 1.Effective practizing strategies | 80 | 5.62 (2.02) | 81 | 6.92 (1.60) | −4.32 | <0.001 | −0.37 | 33 | 7.18 (1.77) | −1.32 | 0.18 | |
| 2.Effective rehearsing strategies | 80 | 5.21 (2.26) | 79 | 6.40 (1.72) | −3.84 | <0.001 | −0.32 | 33 | 6.57 (2.00) | −1.04 | 0.29 | |
| 3.Learning and memorizing strategies+ | 80 | 5.76 (2.24) | 81 | 6.39 (2.07) | −2.37 | 0.01 | −0.18 | 33 | 6.51 (2.37) | −0.56 | 0.57 | |
| 4.Ergonomics/posture | 80 | 5.56 (2.34) | 81 | 6.19 (2.15) | −2.45 | 0.01 | −0.21 | 33 | 6.42 (2.07) | −0.86 | 0.38 | |
| 5.Managing music performance anxiety | 80 | 4.47 (2.58) | 81 | 6.86 (1.85) | −4.97 | <0.001 | −0.42 | 32 | 5.93 (2.44) | −1.69 | 0.09 | |
| 6.Life skills and behavior change techniques+ | 80 | 4.87 (2.67) | 81 | 6.39 (2.05) | −3.12 | 0.002 | −0.24 | 33 | 5.42 (2.54) | −1.54 | 0.12 | |
| 7.Presentation skills+ | 79 | 5.64 (2.35) | 81 | 6.28 (2.29) | −2.31 | 0.02 | −0.19 | 33 | 6.45 (2.29) | −0.24 | 0.80 | |
| PERCEIVED IMPORTANCE OF: | ||||||||||||
| 1.Effective practizing strategies+ | 77 | 8.74 (1.49) | 80 | 8.76 (1.72) | −0.15 | 0.87 | 32 | 8.62 (2.05) | −0.48 | 0.62 | ||
| 2.Effective rehearsing strategies | 77 | 8.63 (1.47) | 80 | 8.48 (1.85) | −1.11 | 0.26 | 32 | 8.28 (2.06) | −0.62 | 0.52 | ||
| 3. Learning and memorizing strategies | 77 | 7.97 (1.85) | 80 | 8.21 (1.79) | −1.30 | 0.19 | 32 | 7.68 (1.59) | −2.07 | 0.03 | 0.04 | |
| 4.Ergonomics/posture+ | 77 | 8.36 (1.60) | 80 | 8.33 (1.87) | 0 | 1.00 | 32 | 7.78 (1.87) | −1.80 | 0.07 | ||
| 5.Managing music performance anxiety+ | 76 | 8.42 (2.06) | 80 | 8.17 (1.68) | −1.71 | 0.08 | 32 | 8.18 (2.62) | −0.86 | 0.38 | ||
| 6.Life skills and behavior change techniques | 77 | 7.64 (2.28) | 80 | 7.61 (2.25) | −0.34 | 0.73 | 32 | 7.21 (2.63) | −0.99 | 0.31 | ||
| 7.Presentation skills+ | 75 | 8.06 (1.83) | 80 | 7.48 (2.27) | −0.91 | 0.35 | 32 | 7.31 (2.62) | −0.32 | 0.74 | ||
| AWARENESS OF POTENTIAL RISKS | ||||||||||||
| As a future professional musician, are you aware of any performance factors that are related to musculoskeletal injuries associated with learning and playing an instrument/singing? | 80 | 5.36 (2.86) | 80 | 6.62 (2.34) | −3.09 | 0.002 | −0.26 | 33 | 6.87 (2.67) | −1.19 | 0.23 | |
| Learning and performing music may involve hazards that have a negative impact on health. | 81 | 5.77 (3.22) | 81 | 6.03 (3.12) | −0.90 | 0.36 | 33 | 6.63 (3.21) | −1.20 | 0.22 | ||
| The way an individual plays a musical instrument/sings influences his/her level of risk of injury or health problems. | 81 | 7.20 (2.57) | 79 | 7.31 (2.60) | −0.32 | 0.74 | 33 | 8.06 (2.27) | −1.75 | 0.07 | ||
| KNOWLEDGE OF POTENTIAL RISKS | ||||||||||||
| Do you know what sound intensity levels are associated with hearing loss? | 80 | 5.50 (2.98) | 79 | 6.22 (2.78) | −2.09 | 0.03 | −0.17 | 33 | 5.03 (3.82) | −1.83 | 0.06 | |
| As a future professional musician, do you feel you have the resources, understanding, and knowledge to deal with the health and safety issues associated with learning and performing music?+ | 81 | 5.50 (2.30) | 80 | 7.15 (1.92) | −5.03 | <0.001 | −0.39 | 33 | 6.51 (1.97) | −1.60 | 0.10 | |
+
Results based on the Sign Test analysis (within-subjects).