Table.
Summary of the Published Literature.
| Material | Geometry | Surface Finish | Species | Site | Healing Period | Analytic Technique | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cp-Ti | Screw shaped | M | Human | Tibia | 7 to 20 mo | TEM | Serre et al. 1994 |
| cp-Ti | Screw shaped | M + GB | Rabbit, NZW | Tibia | 8 wk | Histology, CLSM | Piattelli et al. 1994 |
| HAp | Coating on Ti6Al4V | Rabbit | Femur, MC | 4 to 34 wk | BSE-SEM | Merolli et al. 2000 | |
| HAp | Coating on PEEK | Rabbit, SLE | Femur | 3 to 12 wk | Histology | Johansson et al. 2016 | |
| Graphene oxide | Coating on cp-Ti | Rat, SD | Calvarium | 8 wk | Histology | Jung et al. 2016 | |
| Chitosan + HAp | Coating on cp-Ti | Rat, SD | Tibia | 1 to 4 wk | Histology | Shah et al. 2013 | |
| α-TCP + OCP; DBB | Particles | Rat, SD | Femur | 3 to 28 d | Histology, BSE-SEM | Elgali et al. 2014 | |
| Autogenous bone | Particles | Rat, SD | Tibia | 6 d | BSE-SEM | Shah and Palmquist 2017 | |
| cp-Ti | Screw shaped | M, M + dual AE | Rat, SD | Tibia | 4 wk | Histology, RCE | Shah, Stenlund, et al. 2016 |
| cp-Ti | Screw shaped | M, M + GB | Rat, SD | Maxilla | 8 wk | RCE | Du, Ivanovski, et al. 2016 |
| cp-Ti | Screw shaped | M, M + GB | Rat, SD | Maxilla | 3 to 28 d | RCE, RT-qPCR | Du, Xiao, et al. 2016 |
| cp-Ti | Screw shaped | M, M + laser ablation | Rabbit, NZW | Tibia | 8 wk | RCE, HAADF-STEM | Shah, Johansson, et al. 2016 |
| cp-Ti | Screw shaped | M + laser ablation | Human | Maxilla | 4 y | Histology | Shah et al. 2014 |
| cp-Ti | Screw shaped | M + laser ablation | Human | Maxilla | 4 y | RCE, HAADF-STEM | Shah et al. 2015 |
| Ti6Al4V; CoCr | Macroporous | EBM | Sheep | Femur | 6 mo | BSE-SEM | Shah, Omar, et al. 2016 |
| Ti6Al4V | Macroporous; cylinder | EBM, EBM + M | Sheep | Femur | 6 mo | RCE | Shah, Snis, et al. 2016 |
| 45S5.6Sr glass | Particles | Rat, Wistar | Male | 30 d | RCE | Gorustovich 2010 | |
| CoCr ± Zr | Cylinder | EBM | Rabbit, NZW | Femur | 8 wk | BSE-SEM, RCE | Shah et al. 2018 |
| TI6Al4V | Screw shaped | M | Mouse, WT | Femur | 1 to 7 d | IHM | Cha et al. 2015 |
| Ti6Al4V | Screw shaped | M | Rabbit, JW | Tibia | 20a wk | RCE | Sasaki et al. 2015 |
| Ti6Al4V | Screw shaped | M | Rabbit, JW | Tibia | 20a wk | Histology | Kuroshima et al. 2015 |
| Ti6Al4V | Screw shaped | M + ±60° grooves |
Rabbit, JW | Tibia | 20a wk | Histology | Kuroshima et al. 2017 |
| cp-Ti | Screw shaped | M | Rat, Wistar | Maxilla | 8b wk | Histology, IHM | Uto et al. 2017 |
| cp-Ti | Screw shaped | GB + AE | Human | Alveolar bone, n.s. | 4 wk to 27 y | Histology | Piattelli et al. 2014 |
| cp-Ti | Screw shaped | GB + AE. | Human | Mandible | 8 wk | Histology | Barros et al. 2009 |
| cp-Ti | Cylinder | M | Rat, Wistar | Maxilla | 5 d to 12 mo | Histology, IHM | Haga et al. 2011 |
| cp-Ti | Cylinder | Dual AE | Rat, SD | Femur MC | 2 to 8 wk | Micro-CT, pullout tests | Virdi et al. 2012 |
| cp-Ti | Cylinder | Dual AE | Rat, SD | Femur MC | 4 to 12 wk | Micro-CT, pullout tests | Virdi et al. 2015 |
| cp-Ti | Cylinder | Dual AE | Rat, SD | Femur MC | 12 wk | Micro-CT, pullout tests | Liu et al. 2012 |
| cp-Ti | Screw shaped | AO | Rat, SD | Tibia | 1 to 28 d | RT-qPCR | Lennerås et al. 2015 |
| cp-Ti | Screw shaped | n.s. | Rat, Wistar | Tibia | 4 to 28c d | Histology, RT-qPCR | Zhang et al. 2014 |
AE, acid etched; AO, anodically oxidized; BSE-SEM, backscattered electron scanning electron microscopy; CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscopy; CoCr, cobalt chromium; cp-Ti, commercially pure titanium; DBB, deproteinized bovine bone; EBM, electron beam melting; GB, grit blasted; HAADF-STEM, high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy; HAp, hydroxyapatite; IHM, immunohistomorphometry; JW, Japanese white; M, machined; MC, medullary canal; micro-CT, micro–computed tomography; n.s., not specified; NZW, New Zealand white; OCP, octacalcium phosphate; PEEK, polyether ether ketone; RCE, resin cast etching; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction; SD, Sprague Dawley; SLE, Swedish lop-eared; TEM, transmission electron microscopy; TCP, tricalcium phosphate; WT, wild type; Zr, zirconium.
Includes 12 wk of submerged healing prior to 8 wk of loading (50 N, 3 Hz, 1,800 cycles, 2 d/wk).
Includes 3 wk of submerged healing prior to 5 wk of loading (10 N, 3 Hz, 1,800 cycles, 2 d/wk).
Immediate (within 24 h) or delayed (after 28 d of submerged healing) loading.