Table 1.
Baseline, clinical and outcome characteristics of patients exposed and not exposed to three interventions
| Characteristic | POCON dataset
|
Tirilazad dataset
|
EBIC dataset
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ICP+ (n = 110) | ICP− (n = 156) | Intr. Operation+ (n = 579) | Intr. Operation− (n = 98) | Primary Ref. (n = 334) | Secondary Ref. (n = 448) | |
| Age (median, IQR) | 45 (27–57) | 58 (35–70) | 35 (24–47) | 33 (25–47) | 33 (22–53) | 41 (26–60) |
| Male sex | 79 (72%) | 99 (64%) | 463 (80%) | 78 (80%) | 245 (73%) | 337 (75%) |
| GCS motor score (median, IQR) | 1 (1–1) | 1 (1–3) | 4 (3–5) | 4 (3–5) | 5 (2–6) | 5 (2–6) |
| Pupillary reactivity | ||||||
| Both pupils reactive | 48 (44%) | 93 (60%) | 346 (60%) | 57 (58%) | 213 (64%) | 298 (66%) |
| One pupil reactive | 13 (12%) | 14 (9%) | 106 (18%) | 18 (18%) | 30 (9%) | 44 (10%) |
| No pupil reactive | 49 (44%) | 49 (31%) | 127 (22%) | 23 (24%) | 91 (27%) | 106 (24%) |
| Hypoxia (yes or suspected) | 24 (22%) | 50 (32%) | 115 (20%) | 25 (26%) | 93 (28%) | 132 (30%) |
| Hypotension (yes or suspected) | 22 (20%) | 55 (35%) | 80 (14%) | 21 (21%) | 87 (26%) | 104 (23%) |
| CT classification* | ||||||
| Normal | 2 (2%) | 26 (16%) | NA | NA | 49 (15%) | 46 (10%) |
| Diffuse II | 25 (23%) | 64 (41%) | NA | NA | 102 (31%) | 125 (28%) |
| Diffuse III/IV | 19 (17%) | 15 (10%) | NA | NA | 45 (14%) | 52 (12%) |
| Mass lesion | 64 (58%) | 51 (33%) | 579 (100%) | 98 (100%) | 138 (41%) | 225 (50%) |
| tSAH | 70 (64%) | 77 (49%) | 319 (55%) | 56 (57%) | 156 (47%) | 168 (38%) |
| EDH | 19 (17%) | 10 (6%) | 178 (31%) | 10 (10%) | 30 (%) | 44 (10%) |
| Glucose (mmol/L) (median, IQR) | 9.0 (7.3–11.1) | 8.3 (6.7–11.0) | 8.4 (6.9–10.8) | 8.4 (6.5–10.8) | 8.1 (6.8–10.9) | 7.9 (6.4–9.6) |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) (mean, IQR) | 7.5 (6.3–8.3) | 7.6 (6.6–8.5) | 12.8 (11.0–14.3) | 13.2 (11.1–14.8) | 12.7 (11.0–14.4) | 12.9 (11.3–14.3) |
| Psurvival6‡ | 0.39 (0.15–0.77) | 0.58 (0.12–0.92) | 0.74 (0.52–0.86) | 0.75 (0.47–0.85) | 0.75 (0.38–0.92) | 0.79 (0.44–0.93) |
| Pfav6‡ | 0.16 (0.06–0.41) | 0.40 (0.05–0.78) | 0.49 (0.23–0.72) | 0.53 (0.19–0.71) | 0.49 (0.19–0.76) | 0.53 (0.22–0.78) |
| GOS | ||||||
| Death | 60 (54%) | 73 (47%) | 190 (33%) | 37 (38%) | 116 (35%) | 146 (32%) |
| Persistent vegetative state | 2 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 36 (6%) | 3 (3%) | 11 (3%) | 7 (2%) |
| Severe disability | 20 (18%) | 16 (10%) | 77 (13%) | 8 (8%) | 46 (14%) | 68 (15%) |
| Moderate disability | 22 (20%) | 26 (17%) | 85 (15%) | 20 (20%) | 70 (21%) | 85 (19%) |
| Good recovery | 6 (6%) | 41 (26%) | 191 (33%) | 30 (31%) | 91 (27%) | 142 (32%) |
Notes: This table presents values after data imputation. Values are presented as n (%) unless otherwise specified. P-values represent the differences between patients receiving and not receiving the intervention.
CT classification is based on the Marshall classification: diffuse II refers to CT abnormalities without swelling or shift; diffuse III refers to CT abnormalities with swelling (compressed cisterns); and diffuse IV refers to CT abnormalities with a shift.
Psurvival6 is the probability of six-month survival; Pfav6 is the probability of six-month favorable outcome (GOS score ≥4). The probabilities are based on the variables in the IMPACT lab model:35 age, GCS motor score, pupillary reaction, hypoxia, hypotension, CT classification, tSAHs, EDHs, glucose and hemoglobin.
Abbreviations: CT, computed tomography; EBIC, European Brain Injury Consortium; EDH, extradural hematoma; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; GOS, Glasgow Outcome Scale; ICP+, patients receiving intracranial pressure monitoring; ICP−, patients not receiving intracranial pressure monitoring; IMPACT, International Mission for Prognosis and Analysis of Clinical Trials; Intr. Operation+, patients receiving intracranial operation (craniotomy or craniectomy); Intr. Operation−, patients not receiving intracranial operation (craniotomy or craniectomy); IQR, interquartile range; NA, not applicable; POCON, Prospective Observational Cohort Neurotrauma; Ref., referral; tSAH, traumatic subarachnoid hematoma.