Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study and control groups
| Clinical features | Nondiabetic group (n=27) | GDM group (n=15) | Type 2 DM group (n=16) | Type 1 DM group (n=14) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 28.1 ± 7.0 | 31.9 ± 5.8 | 31.4 ± 6.0 | 28.1 ± 6.6 | 0.177a |
| Mean ± SD | |||||
| Ethnicity, n (%) | |||||
| Caucasian | 25 (92.6) | 10 (66.7) | 13 (81.3) | 13 (92.9) | 0.209b |
| African-American | 2 (7.4) | 5 (33.3) | 3 (18.8) | 1 (7.1) | |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 33.3 ± 2.6 | 33.7 ± 3.19 | 32.0 ± 3.6 | 31.7 ± 3.0 | 0.183a |
| Mean ± SD | |||||
| Time from DM diagnosis (years) | 1.5 (0.9–4.5) | 13.5 (5–20) | <0.001c | ||
| Median (P25–P75) | |||||
| HbA1c (%) | 5.7 ± 0.8a | 6.6 ± 1.7a,b | 7.4 ± 1.2b | 0.006a | |
| Mean ± SD | |||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 0 (0) | 2 (13.3) | 6 (37.5) | 0 (0) | 0.001b |
| Diabetic retinopathy, n (%) | 1 (6.3%) | 6 (42.9%) | 0.031d |
Notes:
a
Analysis of variance (ANOVA);
b
Chi-squared test;
c
Mann–Whitney test; a,b same letter does not differ from each other at a 5% of significance by Tukey test;
d
Fisher’s exact test.
Abbreviations: DM, diabetes mellitus; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus.