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. 2018 Mar 25;93(3):1518–1557. doi: 10.1111/brv.12407

Figure 9.

BRV-12407-FIG-0009-c

Dysregulation of inflammatory markers, including cytokines and iron, leads to oxidative stress, which in turn causes changes to both fibrin(ogen) and red blood cells (RBCs) visible as amyloidogenesis and eryptosis. Amyloidogenesis and eryptosis both leadsto inflammation but their induction is also enhanced by the presence of inflammation. COX‐2, cyclooxygenase‐2; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha; thromboxane A2 is a type of thromboxane that is produced by activated platelets.