Table 4.
Preferred exercise location, nutritional format, and nutritional timing
| Program format | Total sample | At risk of sarcopenia | Not at risk of sarcopenia | Frail | Not frail |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preferred exercise program | |||||
| In group | 2.19±1.23 | 2.20±0.94 | 2.19±1.28 | 2.21±1.28 | 2.19±1.22 |
| Independently at home | 2.15±1.14 | 2.33±1.23 | 2.12±1.13 | 2.36±1.06 | 2.03±1.18 |
| Combination of group and at home | 2.06±1.19 | 1.33±1.13 | 2.17±1.18 | 2.00±1.21 | 2.09±1.20 |
| p-value | 0.137 | 0.150 | 0.340 | 0.794 | 0.226 |
| Preferred nutritional format | |||||
| Powder | 1.85±1.25 | 1.59±1.13 | 1.89±1.26 | 1.64±1.06 | 1.96±1.34 |
| Liquid 250 mL | 1.81±1.13 | 1.82±1.24 | 1.80±1.12 | 1.72±1.05 | 1.86±1.18 |
| Liquid 125 mL | 1.90±1.17 | 1.82±1.24 | 1.91±1.16 | 1.87±1.06 | 1.92±1.23 |
| Liquid 30 mL concentrated | 1.45±1.08 | 1.47±0.94 | 1.45±1.11 | 1.54±1.05 | 1.41±1.10 |
| Tablet | 2.52±1.26 | 1.94±1.25 | 2.62±1.24 | 2.46±1.27 | 2.55±1.26 |
| p-value | <0.001 | 0.372 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Preferred nutritional timing | |||||
| Spread over the meals | 1.63±1.10 | 1.47±1.13 | 1.66±1.10 | 1.67±1.16 | 1.61±1.08 |
| Pulsed | 2.63±1.25 | 2.18±1.33 | 2.71±1.22 | 2.82±1.14 | 2.52±1.29 |
| p-value | <0.001 | 0.110 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 |
Notes: Values are mean ± SD. Comparison differences between preferred exercise program formats within one group were made by using Friedman’s ANOVA and Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; SD, standard deviation.