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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2017 Dec 10;22(1):9–17. doi: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1413091

Figure 2. Dual inhibition of PAK4 and NAMPT as a feasible strategy to re-ignite a compromised tumor immune micro-environment.

Figure 2

PAK4 signaling is active during cancer, in response to oncogenes such as Ras and mediated by Rho GTPases including Rac. Hypoxia/Warburg effect promotes the salvage biosynthesis pathway. This in turn activates immune surveillance molecules, thereby suppressing ICI activity