Table 2. Unadjusted relationship between community-acquired antimicrobial drug resistance caused by ESBL-producing organisms and sociodemographic, clinical, and environmental characteristics for pregnant women in Hyderabad, India*.
| Characteristic | All respondents, N = 1,836 | ESBL present, n = 60 | No ESBL present, n = 1,776 | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||
| Mean age, y (SD) | 21.81 (2.95) | 22.65 (3.48) | 21.78 (2.93) | 0.06 |
| Mean age at marriage, y (SD) | 20.31 (2.87) | 20.57 (4.19) | 20.30 (2.82) | 0.63 |
| Low income, no. (%)† | 932 (50.8) | 40 (66.7) | 892 (50.4) | 0.01 |
| Less than secondary education, no. (%)‡ | 322 (17.5) | 10 (16.7) | 312 (17.6) | 1.00 |
| Hindu, no. (%)§ |
1,228 (66.9) |
36 (60.0) |
1,192 (67.3) |
0.27 |
| Clinical characteristics, no. (%) | ||||
| Anemia | 631 (33.6) | 19 (31.7) | 612 (34.6) | 0.78 |
| Low weight of mother | 862 (46.5) | 32 (53.3) | 830 (46.9) | 0.36 |
| Previous abortion | 288 (15.6) | 11 (18.3) | 277 (15.6) | 0.59 |
| Previous hospitalization¶ | 159 (8.7) | 6 (10.0) | 153 (8.6) | 0.64 |
| Tablet during last 30 days# | 47 (2.6) | 3 (5.0) | 44 (2.5) | 0.20 |
| Dysuria** | 220 (12.0) | 7 (11.7) | 213 (12.0) | 1.00 |
| Fever |
84 (4.6) |
2 (3.3) |
82 (4.6) |
1.00 |
| Environmental and hygiene-related characteristics, no. (%) | ||||
| Household does not treat water | 1,339 (72.9) | 45 (75.0) | 1,294 (73.1) | 0.77 |
| Household sewage not piped | 90 (4.9) | 4 (6.7) | 86 (4.9) | 0.53 |
| Respondent strictly vegetarian | 142 (7.7) | 2 (3.3) | 140 (7.9) | 0.32 |
| Handwashing <5 times/d | 345 (18.8) | 15 (25.0) | 330 (18.6) | 0.24 |
*p values were derived from t-test (for mean age variables) or χ2 test (for categorical variables). Bold indicates statistical significance. ESBL, extended-spectrum β-lactamase. †Income is total household income in previous 30 d; low income is an indicator variable for below the 50th percentile of income. ‡Less than secondary education is an indicator variable for whether the participant reported no schooling or primary-only schooling. §Hindu is an indicator variable for Hindu religion. ¶Hospitalization in previous 12 mo. #Tablet means any tablet other than a vitamin taken by the respondent in the 30 d before interview. We used “tablet” because “antimicrobial” was unclear for many respondents. **For dysuria, an answer of “don't know” was coded as 0 (no).