TABLE 2.
Psychosocial Well-Being and Substance Use Among PLWHA by Age Groups (N = 2,987)
| Younger: 18–34 | Middle-aged: 35–49 | Older: > 50 | Overall | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Psychosocial Well-Beinga | ||||
|
| ||||
| Depression (mean [SD]) | 7.78 (4.75) | 8.13 (5.07) | 7.15 (4.71) | 7.78 (4.90)*** |
| Anxiety | 31.14 (8.60) | 31.54 (9.06) | 30.16 (8.73) | 31.07 (8.85)** |
| Resilience | 3.22 (0.84) | 3.23 (0.85) | 3.10 (0.83) | 3.19 (0.84)** |
| Coping | 2.55 (0.65) | 2.56 (0.66) | 2.46 (0.62) | 2.53 (0.65)** |
| Self-esteem | 3.38 (0.73) | 3.32 (0.72) | 3.24 (0.70) | 3.32 (0.72)*** |
| Social Support | 2.48 (0.89) | 2.40 (0.86) | 2.36 (0.76) | 2.42 (0.85)* |
| Substance Use | ||||
|
| ||||
| Smoking (%) | 47.09 | 56.89 | 47.63 | 51.57**** |
| Drug use (%) | 21.90 | 27.59 | 2.11 | 19.35**** |
| Alcohol drinking (%) | 45.42 | 42.55 | 39.97 | 42.76 |
| Stigmab | ||||
|
| ||||
| Perceived | 15.48 (3.60) | 15.76 (3.43) | 15.22 (3.61) | 15.54 (3.53)** |
| Internalized | 18.48 (4.41) | 18.82 (4.32) | 17.97 (4.29) | 18.50 (4.35)*** |
| Enacted | 2.11 (0.48) | 2.01 (0.49) | 2.06 (0.37) | 2.09 (0.46) |
Note.
a
Depression: short version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; Anxiety: Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale; Resilience: Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale; Self-esteem: tailored HIV self-efficacy scale; Coping: Family Coping Project Coping Scale; and Social support: Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey.
b
Berger HIV Stigma Scale.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.
****
p < .0001.