TABLE 3.
Psychosocial Well-Being and Substance Use by Stigma Quantile Among PLWHA at Different Age-Groups
| HIV Stigmaa
|
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | p for comparison | p for trend | |
| Overall (N = 2,987) | |||||||
| Psychosocial Well-Beingb (mean [SD]) | |||||||
| Depression | 7.78 (4.89) | 6.56 (4.38) | 7.09 (3.80) | 7.41 (4.34) | 9.54 (5.88) | .000 | .000 |
| Anxiety | 31.08 (8.87) | 29.50 (7.92) | 28.70 (7.22) | 29.90 (7.48) | 35.11 (10.35) | .000 | .000 |
| Resilience | 3.19 (0.84) | 3.44 (0.92) | 3.38 (0.81) | 3.12 (0.72) | 2.93 (0.82) | .000 | .000 |
| Coping | 2.53 (0.65) | 2.48 (0.69) | 2.46 (0.59) | 2.49 (0.59) | 2.66 (0.69) | .000 | .000 |
| Self-esteem | 3.31 (0.72) | 3.50 (0.83) | 3.38 (0.67) | 3.27 (0.62) | 3.16 (0.72) | .000 | .000 |
| Social support | 2.42 (0.85) | 2.58 (0.93) | 2.45 (0.79) | 2.37 (0.77) | 2.32 (0.87) | .000 | .000 |
| Substance Use (N = 2,987; %) | |||||||
| Smoking | 51.53 | 51.6 | 44.1 | 54.53 | 54.51 | .000 | .014 |
| Drug use | 19.31 | 14.22 | 14.86 | 21.99 | 24.12 | .000 | .000 |
| Alcohol drinking | 42.84 | 47.25 | 40.45 | 44.5 | 39.93 | .014 | .027 |
| Younger (n = 898) | |||||||
| Psychosocial Well-Beingb (mean [SD]) | |||||||
| Depression | 7.78 (4.75) | 6.72 (4.40) | 6.96 (3.79) | 7.33 (4.14) | 9.45 (5.53) | .0000 | .0000 |
| Anxiety | 31.14 (8.60) | 29.64 (8.21) | 28.64 (6.73) | 29.56 (6.68) | 35.16 (9.90) | .0000 | .0000 |
| Resilience | 3.22 (0.84) | 3.52 (0.90) | 3.44 (0.78) | 3.11 (0.71) | 2.94 (0.80) | .0000 | .0000 |
| Coping | 2.55 (0.65) | 2.48 (0.64) | 2.48 (0.59) | 2.47 (0.59) | 2.70 (0.71) | .0000 | .002 |
| Self-esteem | 3.38 (0.73) | 3.59 (0.81) | 3.50 (0.62) | 3.29 (0.68) | 3.21 (0.72) | .0000 | .0000 |
| Social support | 2.48 (0.89) | 2.67 (0.97) | 2.58 (0.86) | 2.41 (0.82) | 2.35 (0.87) | .0002 | .000 |
| Substance Use (%) | |||||||
| Smoking | 47.09 | 44.71 | 37.22 | 49.78 | 53.05 | .007 | .010 |
| Drug use | 21.90 | 14.90 | 16.11 | 24.12 | 29.03 | .000 | .000 |
| Alcohol drinking | 45.42 | 56.25 | 43.33 | 43.67 | 40.14 | .004 | .001 |
| Middle-aged (n = 1,319) | |||||||
| Psychosocial Well-Beingb (mean [SD]) | |||||||
| Depression | 8.13 (5.07) | 6.94 (4.39) | 7.41 (4.01) | 7.57 (4.47) | 9.83 (6.03) | .0000 | .0000 |
| Anxiety | 31.54 (9.06) | 29.77 (7.88) | 29.18 (7.48) | 30.35 (7.96) | 35.18 (10.37) | .0000 | .0000 |
| Resilience | 3.23 (0.85) | 3.48 (0.91) | 3.46 (0.81) | 3.14 (0.76) | 2.98 (0.83) | .0000 | .0000 |
| Coping | 2.56 (0.66) | 2.47 (0.72) | 2.50 (0.59) | 2.52 (0.61) | 2.70 (0.68) | .0000 | .0000 |
| Self-esteem | 3.32 (0.72) | 3.52 (0.83) | 3.38 (0.70) | 3.30 (0.61) | 3.16 (0.71) | .0000 | .0000 |
| Social support | 2.40 (0.86) | 2.54 (0.95) | 2.41 (0.79) | 2.37 (0.79) | 2.34 (0.91) | .0314 | .005 |
| Substance Use (%) | |||||||
| Smoking | 56.86 | 55.68 | 50.36 | 60.67 | 58.61 | .058 | .118 |
| Drug use | 27.54 | 21.29 | 25.09 | 30.90 | 30.17 | .024 | .005 |
| Alcohol drinking | 42.51 | 41.67 | 43.07 | 45.51 | 40.14 | .497 | .725 |
| Older (n = 760) | |||||||
| Psychosocial Well-Beingb (mean [SD]) | |||||||
| Depression | 7.15 (4.71) | 5.81 (4.30) | 6.72 (3.48) | 7.20 (4.37) | 8.97 (6.00) | .0000 | .0000 |
| Anxiety | 30.16 (8.73) | 28.78 (7.48) | 27.99 (6.99) | 29.46 (7.48) | 34.88 (11.01) | .0000 | .0000 |
| Resilience | 3.10 (0.83) | 3.28 (0.96) | 3.24 (0.80) | 3.07 (0.64) | 2.79 (0.80) | .0000 | .0000 |
| Coping | 2.46 (0.62) | 2.49 (0.70) | 2.40 (0.58) | 2.47 (0.52) | 2.47 (0.67) | .4187 | .475 |
| Self-esteem | 3.24 (0.70) | 3.38 (0.83) | 3.29 (0.66) | 3.20 (0.54) | 3.07 (0.73) | .0002 | .000 |
| Social support | 2.36 (0.76) | 2.52 (0.85) | 2.40 (0.73) | 2.31 (0.69) | 2.21 (0.74) | .0009 | .0000 |
| Substance Use (%) | |||||||
| Smoking | 47.56 | 53.07 | 41.98 | 48.94 | 47.19 | .173 | .568 |
| Drug use | 2.11 | 2.79 | 0.94 | 2.66 | 2.23 | .554 | .953 |
| Alcohol drinking | 39.89 | 43.82 | 34.27 | 43.32 | 39.11 | .178 | .817 |
Note.
a
Berger HIV Stigma Scale.
b
Depression: short version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; Anxiety: Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale; Resilience: Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale; Self-esteem: tailored HIV self-efficacy scale; Coping: Family Coping Project Coping Scale; and Social support: Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey.