TABLE 4.
Associations Between Different Types of Stigma and Psychosocial Well-Being as Well as Substance Use (N = 2,987)
| Psychosocial Well-being | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stigma | Overall | Younger: 18–34 | Middle-aged: 35–49 | Older: > 50 | |
| Adjusted β (95% CI) | Adjusted β (95% CI) | Adjusted β (95% CI) | Adjusted β (95% CI) | ||
| Anxietya | Enacted | 3.68 (3.07, 4.28)**** | 2.72 (1.71, 3.73)**** | 3.60 (2.72, 4.48)**** | 5.57 (4.08, 7.05)**** |
| Perceived | 0.19 (0.11, 0.27)**** | 0.18 (0.04, 0.32)* | 0.15 (0.02, 0.28)* | 0.24 (0.08, 0.41)** | |
| Internalized | 0.56 (0.49, 0.62)**** | 0.52 (0.41, 0.63)**** | 0.53 (0.43, 0.64)**** | 0.62 (0.49, 0.76)**** | |
| Depressionb | Enacted | 1.59 (1.24, 1.95)**** | 1.23 (0.62, 1.85)**** | 1.74 (1.23, 2.26)**** | 2.01 (1.17, 2.85)**** |
| Perceived | 0.17 (0.12, 0.21)**** | 0.11 (0.03, 0.20)** | 0.15 (0.07, 0.22)**** | 0.26 (0.17, 0.35)**** | |
| Internalized | 0.27 (0.24, 0.31)**** | 0.23 (0.17, 0.30)**** | 0.29 (0.23, 0.35)**** | 0.31 (0.24, 0.39)**** | |
| Resiliencec | Enacted | −0.16 (–0.22, −0.09)**** | −0.13 (−0.24, −0.01)* | −0.14 (−0.23, −0.05)** | −0.25 (−0.39, −0.10)** |
| Perceived | −0.02 (–0.03, −0.02)**** | −0.03 (−0.05, −0.02)**** | −0.02 (–0.03, −0.004)* | −0.03 (−0.04, −0.01)** | |
| Internalized | −0.04 (–0.05, −0.04)**** | −0.05 (−0.06, −0.03)**** | −0.04 (–0.05, −0.03)**** | −0.04 (−0.06, −0.03)**** | |
| Self-Esteemd | Enacted | −0.18 (–0.24, −0.13)**** | −0.20 (−0.29, −0.10)**** | −0.13 (−0.20, −0.05)** | −0.34 (−0.46, −0.22)**** |
| Perceived | −0.03 (–0.03, −0.02)**** | −0.02 (−0.04, −0.01)**** | −0.03 (–0.04, −0.02)**** | −0.03 (−0.04, −0.01)**** | |
| Internalized | −0.03 (–0.03, −0.02)**** | −0.03 (−0.04, −0.02)**** | −0.03 (−0.04, −0.02)**** | −0.03 (−0.04, −0.01)**** | |
| Copinge | Enacted | 0.01 (−0.04, 0.06) | 0.04 (−0.05, 0.12) | 0.001 (−0.07, 0.07) | −0.01 (−0.12, 0.11) |
| Perceived | 0.01 (0.01, 0.02)**** | 0.01 (0.00, 0.02) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03)**** | 0.001 (−0.01, 0.01) | |
| Internalized | 0.01 (0.01, 0.02)**** | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03)**** | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03)**** | 0.005 (−0.02, 0.01) | |
| Social Supportf | Enacted | −0.11 (−0.18, −0.05)** | −0.15 (−0.27, −0.03)* | −0.09 (−0.18, 0.01) | −0.10 (−0.25, 0.04) |
| Perceived | −0.02 (−0.03, −0.01)**** | −0.02 (−0.04, 0.00)* | −0.01 (−0.03, 0.00) | –0.02 (−0.04, −0.01)** | |
| Internalized | −0.02 (−0.03, −0.02)**** | −0.03 (−0.04, −0.02)**** | −0.02 (−0.03, −0.01)** | −0.03 (−0.04, −0.01)**** | |
|
Substance Use
|
|||||
| Stigma | Overall | Younger: 18–34 | Middle-aged: 35–49 | Older: >50 | |
| aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | ||
| Smokingg | Enacted | 1.37 (1.05, 1.78)* | 1.84 (1.21, 2.81)** | 1.08 (0.76, 1.53) | 1.28 (0.71, 2.30) |
| Perceived | 0.99 (0.96, 1.02) | 0.97 (0.91, 1.04) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.04) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.05) | |
| Internalized | 1.00 (0.97, 1.02) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.05) | 0.97 (0.94, 1.01) | 1.01 (0.96, 1.06) | |
| Drugh | Enacted | 1.25 (1.00, 1.56) | 1.53 (1.00, 2.34) | 1.11 (0.83, 1.49) | 0.05 (0.00, 31187.78) |
| Perceived | 1.05 (1.01, 1.09)** | 1.02 (0.96, 1.09) | 1.07 (1.01, 1.13)** | 0.96 (0.82, 1.12) | |
| Internalized | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | 1.01 (0.96, 1.06) | 1.00 (0.96, 1.04) | 0.92 (0.80, 1.05) | |
| Alcoholi | Enacted | 0.94 (0.78, 1.12) | 1.04 (0.73, 1.46) | 1.02 (0.79, 1.30) | 0.70 (0.43, 1.14) |
| Perceived | 0.97 (0.94, 0.99)* | 0.94 (0.90, 0.98)** | 0.98 (0.94, 1.02) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.05) | |
| Internalized | 0.97 (0.95, 0.99)** | 0.93 (0.90, 0.97)**** | 0.98 (0.95, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.95, 1.03) | |
Note.
Models a–f: adjusted for demographics, substance use and physical fitness;
Models g–i: adjusted for demographics and physical fitness. All models
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.
****
p < .0001.