Figure 1.
Schematic figure of longitudinal homotypic and heterotypic paths.
***p < .001. Observed indicators are not displayed in the figure. Standardized regression coefficients are displayed in the figure. Dashed lines indicate non-significant paths in the model. Per model constraints for bifactor models, within each assessment, latent factors have covariances constrained to zero. The analysis relied on estimation methods from Koch et al. (in press). The figure simplifies the presentation; standardized regression coefficients are based on residualized estimates of age 3 latent factors.