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. 2018 Jul 23;8:11041. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-28927-4

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Acoustic parameters of 22-kHz calls induced by exposure to predator urine samples. (A) Mean number of calls per bout, (B) mean call duration, and (C) mean peak frequency of the calls. The horizontal lines indicate the medians and the interquartile ranges (open circle = exposure to fox urine; filled circle = exposure to lion urine). Histograms depicting the distribution of call duration (D) and peak frequency (E) of all calls recorded during exposure to the different predator urine samples (n = 383), bin widths: 0.2 s and 1 kHz, respectively. (F) Exemplary spectrograms showing examples of the recorded 22-kHz calls from three different rats. The colours code the intensity of the calls (intensity correlates with warmness of the colour).