Table 4.
Difference‐in‐Differences Models of Effect of Medicaid Expansion on Receipt of Pap Tests
| All Income Levels | Low‐Income (<200% FPL) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | White Non‐Hispanic | Black Non‐Hispanic | Hispanic | ||
| Medicaid expansion | 0.013* (.008) | 0.040*** (.015) | 0.020 (.017) | 0.020 (.042) | 0.134*** (.048) |
| Expansion state | −0.048*** (.010) | −0.060*** (.017) | −0.044** (.022) | −0.096*** (.035) | −0.037 (.078) |
| Post expansion | –0.047 (.040) | −0.138 (.090) | −0.144 (.106) | 0.091 (.188) | 0.000 (.238) |
| Age | −0.003*** (.000) | −0.005*** (.000) | −0.006*** (.000) | −0.005*** (.000) | −0.003*** (.001) |
| Married | 0.051*** (.005) | 0.048*** (.009) | 0.029*** (.011) | 0.013 (.026) | 0.064*** (.018) |
| High school graduate | −0.004 (.010) | −0.001 (.012) | 0.068*** (.016) | 0.059** (.030) | −0.030 (.020) |
| Some college | 0.013 (.010) | 0.004 (.013) | 0.088*** (.017) | 0.035 (.032) | −0.046* (.025) |
| College graduate | 0.038*** (.010) | 0.018 (.015) | 0.122*** (.019) | 0.039 (.039) | −0.034 (.033) |
| Employed | 0.014*** (.005) | −0.005 (.009) | −0.004 (.010) | 0.004 (.021) | −0.012 (.017) |
| $10,000–$14,999 HH income | −0.009 (.016) | −0.002 (.016) | −0.009 (.019) | −0.021 (.034) | −0.002 (.027) |
| $15,000–$19,999 HH income | 0.013 (.013) | 0.028* (.014) | 0.029* (.017) | 0.008 (.028) | 0.030 (.026) |
| $20,000–$24,999 HH income | 0.018 (.013) | 0.040 (.014) | 0.035* (.018) | 0.032 (.031) | 0.036 (.027) |
| $25,000–$34,999 HH income | 0.034* (.013) | 0.033** (.016) | 0.036* (.019) | −0.014 (.036) | 0.019 (.029) |
| $35,000–$49,999 HH income | 0.053*** (.013) | 0.010 (.021) | 0.016 (.025) | 0.021 (.050) | 0.004 (.042) |
| $50,000–$74,999 HH income | 0.092*** (.013) | 0.069 (.054) | 0.120** (.052) | 0.076 (.110) | −0.119 (.124) |
| $75,000 or more HH income | 0.118*** (.013) | −0.055 (.103) | 0.039 (.124) | 0.333** (.169) | −0.150 (.230) |
| Black, non‐Hispanic | 0.071*** (.008) | 0.124*** (.012) | |||
| Other race, non‐Hispanic | −0.088*** (.012) | −0.046** (.021) | |||
| Multiracial, non‐Hispanic | 0.000 (.019) | 0.056* (.031) | |||
| Hispanic | 0.052*** (.008) | 0.093*** (.012) | |||
| Mean screening rate (%) | 69.2 | 63.2 | 58.8 | 70.0 | 67.7 |
| N (unweighted) | 202,068 | 64,307 | 41,515 | 6,690 | 11,237 |
| N (weighted) | 689,685 | 689,526 | 689,095 | 610,414 | 665,630 |
Notes. All models also include state and year fixed effects. All analyses are weighted to account for the complex sample design of the BRFSS. Standard errors in parentheses. ***p < .01, **p < .05, *p < .1.