Table 1.
Summary Characteristics of Nursing Homes in 350 Metropolitan Statistical Areas from 2011 to 2013
| Variable | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Min | Max | Mean | SD | Min | Max | Mean | SD | Min | Max | |
| Dependent Variables | ||||||||||||
| Operating ratio, mean | 1.18 | 0.26 | 0.00 | 3.96 | 1.21 | 0.29 | 0.00 | 5.41 | 1.22 | 0.30 | 0.00 | 5.76 |
| Overall rating, mean | 29.67 | 12.50 | 10.00 | 50.00 | 30.21 | 12.20 | 10.00 | 50.00 | 31.54 | 12.44 | 10.00 | 50.00 |
| Independent Variables | ||||||||||||
| Nursing home characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Percentage of Medicaid payer | 59.27 | 22.22 | 0 | 100 | 59.18 | 22.30 | 0 | 100 | 58.59 | 22.32 | 0 | 100 |
| Percentage of racial minorities | 18.25 | 20.52 | 0 | 100 | 18.42 | 20.39 | 0 | 100 | 17.16 | 19.89 | 0 | 100 |
| Neighborhood characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Percentage of population below poverty level | 14.61 | 8.86 | 0 | 100 | 15.12 | 8.98 | 0 | 100 | 15.50 | 9.09 | 0 | 100 |
| Percentage of black/ African American | 12.27 | 17.59 | 0 | 100 | 12.32 | 17.51 | 0 | 98.48 | 12.62 | 17.85 | 0 | 98.35 |
| Control Variables | ||||||||||||
| Nursing home characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Number of beds (hundreds) | 1.13 | 0.55 | 0.03 | 7.25 | 1.13 | 0.55 | 0.04 | 7.25 | 1.12 | 0.56 | 0.03 | 7.25 |
| Occupancy rates | 0.84 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.84 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 0.84 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 1.00 |
| Percentage of chain nursing homes | 61.58 | 48.64 | 0 | 100 | 61.15 | 48.74 | 0 | 100 | 62.90 | 48.31 | 0 | 100 |
| Herfindahl–Hirschman Index | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.15 | 0.20 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.01 | 1.00 |
| Percentage of for‐profit nursing homes | 76.71 | 42.27 | 0 | 100 | 75.53 | 43.00 | 0 | 100 | 73.73 | 44.01 | 0 | 100 |
| Percentage of nonprofit nursing homes | 19.95 | 39.97 | 0 | 100 | 20.63 | 40.47 | 0 | 100 | 21.94 | 41.39 | 0 | 100 |
| Percentage of nursing homes owned by government | 2.90 | 16.79 | 0 | 100 | 3.36 | 18.02 | 0 | 100 | 3.99 | 19.57 | 0 | 100 |
| Case mix | 1.14 | 0.14 | 0.62 | 3.37 | 1.16 | 0.14 | 0.64 | 3.24 | 1.16 | 0.14 | 0.65 | 3.34 |
| Low cognitive function score | 0.31 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.33 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.35 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
| Neighborhood characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Population | 27,122 | 15,285 | 0 | 114,941 | 27,435 | 15,461 | 0 | 115,538 | 26,765 | 15,233 | 0 | 114,734 |
| N | 7, 009 | 7,028 | 5,870 | |||||||||
| 1.7 Number of nursing homes per zip code | ||||||||||||
All 5‐Digit ZIP Code Tabulation Areas within United States and Puerto Rico from American Community Survey (ACS).
Percentage of population below poverty level is measured in the past 12 months.