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. 2018 Jul 17;9:1664. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01664

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Copyright © 2018 Westenius, Mäkelä, Julkunen and Österlund.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Innate immune responses in H3N2, H5N1, and H7N9 influenza virus-infected human monocyte-derived macrophages (Mɸs). Mɸs were infected with A/Beijing/353/89 (H3N2), A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1), or A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9) influenza viruses at multiplicity of infection (MOI) values of 10 to 0.01 for 24 h. (A) Cells from four donors were collected at different time points after infection as indicated in the figure, cells from different donors were pooled and total cellular RNA was isolated. (A) IFN-λ1, (B) IFN-β, (C) IFN-α1, (D) CXCL10, (E) CCL5, (F) IL-1β, and (G) TNF-α gene expression was analyzed by qRT-PCR. Gene expression < 1 is defined as not detected (ND). A representative experiment out of two is shown.