Table 4.

Framework conditions of the mixed methods studies.

Authors and date Sample size	Sample Setting Country	Intervention		Study design	Outcomes in aspects of the self and quantitative measurements Study aim and qualitative methods	Results in aspects of the self
		Content Control group (CG) treatment	Duration Frequency
(A) CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
Backe and Graefe, 2004 N = 9	Female children with lack of self-esteem; age: 8–10 years University, movement outpatient clinic (“Bewegungs-ambulatorium”) Germany	Educational dance/creative dance	12 weeks 1 day a week, 90 min per session, final presentation	Pilot study; empirical experimental method & qualitative phenomenological approach; pre-post-test design; no control	Self-esteem (Aussageliste zum Selbstwertgefühl; Schauder, 1991) Investigation of an interaction between self-esteem and movement behavior and general behavior by observations	Improvement of global self-esteem in 7 of 9 girls, but no calculation of significance. Parents and teachers rated self-esteem higher at post-test compared to pre-test and the girls' self-evaluations. Support of the hypothesis of a correlation between movement behavior change and increase of self-esteem by qualitative observations.
Caf et al., 1997 N = 16	Hypoactive children with learning difficulties (10 female, 6 male); age: 7–10 years Primary school Slovenia	Creative movement and dance CG: no participation in any optional activity outside of the ordinary classroom schoolwork	16 weeks 1 day a week, 60 min per session	Pilot study; empirical experimental method & action research approach; pre-post-test design; no randomization for experimental (N = 8) and control (N = 8)	Body image (Body Image Evaluating Scale; Cratty, 1979) Investigation of the children's behavior activities and qualities in different categories, e.g., body image, by observations and teacher diary notes	Improvement in the tasks “body sides” and “objects” for experimental group in body image. No presentation of results in terms of body image from the qualitative observations.
(B) ADULTS
Stickley et al., 2015 N = 330	Adults (of 34 dance classes); age: wide age range, no precise information Rural community venue UK	Community-based dance activities with a range of dance styles	30 months (attendance of at least 8 individual classes for inclusion in analysis)	Post-test design: questionnaire after 8–10 weeks (providing questionnaire N = 602, response rate 55%); focus group discussions with 13 participants immediately after dance sessions; interviews among 7 participants; no control	Attitudes about health and well-being with a question about self-expression (Stickley et al., 2015) Investigation of reasons for participating and the gained benefits of participating in dance sessions by focus group discussions and individual interviews	57% agreed with the statement of an increased ability to express themselves (42.1% neutral; 1% disagree). Key topics of the focus group discussions and individual interviews: development of a feeling “like you've achieved something” (self-efficacy) and a “gain [of] confidence” (self-confidence), “expressing yourself” (self-expression).