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. 2018 Jul 17;9:929. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00929

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Copyright © 2018 Meo, Pambrun, Derval, Dumas-Pomier, Puyo, Duchâteau, Jaïs, Hocini, Haïssaguerre and Dubois.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Noninvasive markers of AF complexity and continuous AF duration: correlation of surface signal features with AF disease chronification based on the duration of the last continuous episode. (A) The NDI index measured in BSPMs (NDI, left) and the standard ECG subset (NDI_ECG, right). (B) Single-lead descriptors of atrial amplitude (A_V1, left), surface CL (CL_V1, middle) and PCA estimation error (NMSE₃, right) in V1. (C) Multilead PCA reconstruction error (WNMSE_BSPM, left) and f-wave amplitude (A_BSPM, right) computed in BSPMs and in the standard ECG subset (WNMSE_ECG and A_ECG). (D) Multilead PCA reconstruction error (WNMSE_OACG, left) and f-wave amplitude (A_OACG, right) computed in the modified OACG system and in the extended 15-lead ECG (WNMSE_ECG15 and A_ECG15). ^*p < 0.05 vs. persistent AF; ns, not significant; a.u., arbitrary units.