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TcdA- and TcdB-induced activation of MAPKs in human colonic tissue. Human colonic tissues were exposed to TcdA or TcdB at 200 ng/ml for the indicated times. Tissues were lysed for 30 min and were then centrifuged, and supernatants were used for Western blot analysis to detect phosphorylated and total p38, ERK, or JNK. Experiments were repeated 3 times, and representative results are shown. Asterisks indicate significant differences (*, P < 0.01) from results for the control (PBS).
