TcdB induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines by BMDCs. BMDCs derived from wild-type mice were exposed to TcdB for the indicated times, and supernatants were collected for the determination of IL-1β, IL-6, KC, and TNF-α levels by ELISA. The results presented are representative of three independent experiments (n = 3). Bars stand for means; error bars, standard deviations.