TPL2 inhibition reduces MAPK activation in BMDCs. BMDCs from wild-type mice were exposed to TcdB (200 ng/ml) in the absence or presence of TPL2i (20 μm) in 24-well plates for the indicated times. Cells were harvested, lysed, and used for determination of the activation of ERK, p38, and JNK by Western blot analysis. Experiments were repeated 3 times, and representative results are shown. Asterisks indicate significant differences (*, P < 0.01) from results for the control.