Table 2.
The relationships of urbanization rate and individual characteristics to CES-D scores; coefficient (standard error)
| Variable | Model 1 |
|---|---|
| Fixed effects | Coeff. (SE) |
| Urbanization rate | −0.736** (0.350) |
| Male (ref: female) | −1.245*** (0.153) |
| Age | 0.040*** (0.005) |
| Marital status (ref. = single, divorced, or widowed) | |
| Married and living with a spouse | −1.056*** (0.179) |
| Married and not living with a spouse | −0.719*** (0.264) |
| Education (ref: primary school or less) | |
| High school | −1.056*** (0.152) |
| College or more | −1.028*** (0.252) |
| Employed (ref: unemployed) | −0.557** (0.265) |
| Local hukou (ref: non-local hukou) | −0.555** (0.265) |
| Urban areas (ref: rural areas) | −0.251(0.360) |
| Smoking status (ref: non-smoker) | 0.100 (0.173) |
| Alcohol use (ref: no) | −0.059 (0.171) |
| Medical insurance (ref: none) | −0.854*** (0.203) |
| Physical health status (ref: no disease) | 5.898*** (0.196) |
| Logarithm of physical exercise time | −0.118*** (0.026) |
| Logarithm of average annual household income per household member | −0.568*** (0.065) |
| Individual-level social capital | |
| Neighbors are extremely/very trustworthy (ref: neighbors are somewhat/slightly/not at all trustworthy) | −1.739*** (0.148) |
| Neighbors always/often help one another (ref: neighbors sometimes/seldom/never help one another) | −0.269** (0.112) |
| Number of voluntary group types | −1.139*** (0.131) |
| Logarithm of average annual neighborhood income per neighborhood resident | −0.961*** (0.329) |
| Constant | 17.147*** (0.866) |
| Random effects | Coeff. |
| Var (Prefecture-level constant) | 2.100*** |
| Var (Neighborhood-level constant) | 5.134*** |
| Var (Residual) | 70.300*** |
| Number of prefectures | 158 |
| Number of neighborhoods | 401 |
| Number of respondents | 20,861 |
| Log-likelihood | −74,310 |
| AIC | 148,668 |
* = p < 0.10, ** = p < 0.05, *** = p < 0.01. All continuous independent variables and covariates were grand-mean centered