Table 4.
The effects of urbanization rate and individual characteristics on CES-D score mediated by neighborhood social capital; coefficient (standard error)
| Variable | Model 5(a) | Model 5(b) |
|---|---|---|
| Fixed effects | Coeff. (SE) | Coeff. (SE) |
| Urbanization rate | −1.690** (0.810) | −1.547** (0.751) |
| Male (ref: female) | − 1.240*** (0.153) | − 1.239*** (0.153) |
| Age | 0.040*** (0.005) | 0.040*** (0.005) |
| Marital status (ref. = single, divorced, or widowed) | ||
| Married and living with a spouse | −1.0539*** (0.179) | −1.053*** (0.179) |
| Married and not living with a spouse | − 0.724*** (0.264) | −0.725*** (0.264) |
| Education (ref: primary school or less) | ||
| High school | −1.074*** (0.153) | −1.077*** (0.152) |
| College or more | −1.045*** (0.251) | −1.046*** (0.252) |
| Employed (ref: unemployed) | −0.553** (0.265) | −0.551** (0.265) |
| Local hukou (ref: non-local hukou) | −0.309 (0.248) | −0.319(0.248) |
| Urban areas (ref: rural areas) | −0.950(0.758) | −1.074(0.762) |
| Smoking status (ref: non-smoker) | 0.093 (0.173) | 0.093 (0.173) |
| Alcohol use (ref: none) | −0.057 (0.171) | −0.059 (0.17) |
| Medical insurance (ref: no) | −0.850*** (0.203) | −0.848*** (0.203) |
| Physical health status (ref: no disease) | 5.886*** (0.196) | 5.885*** (0.196) |
| Logarithm of physical exercise time | −0.120*** (0.026) | −0.120*** (0.026) |
| Logarithm of average annual household income per household member | −0.575*** (0.065) | −0.576*** (0.065) |
| Individual-level social capital | ||
| Neighbors are extremely/very trustworthy (ref: neighbors are somewhat/slightly/not at all trustworthy) | −1.699*** (0.149) | −1.699*** (0.149) |
| Neighbors always/often help one another (ref: neighbors sometimes/seldom/never help one another) | −0.251*** (0.124) | −0.251*** (0.124) |
| Number of types of voluntary groups | −1.095*** (0.133) | −1.095*** (0.133) |
| Logarithm of average annual neighborhood income per neighborhood resident | −1.056** (0.3251) | −0.990** (0.326) |
| Neighborhood-level social capital | ||
| Neighborhood social trust | −3.503** (1.473) | −3.952*** (1.535) |
| Neighborhood social reciprocity | −0.861** (0.357) | −0.719** (0.350) |
| Neighborhood social group membership | −0.504** (0.244) | −0.690** (0.299) |
| Cross-level interaction terms | ||
| Neighborhood-level social trust × urbanization rate | −7.582 (7.582) | |
| Neighborhood-level social reciprocity × urbanization rate | −1.415** (0.700) | |
| Neighborhood-level social group membership × urbanization rate | −2.707** (1.350) | |
| Constant | 21.310*** (1.503) | 21.637*** (1.541) |
| Random effects | Coeff. | Coeff. |
| Var (prefecture-level constant) | 2.269*** | 2.434*** |
| Var (neighborhood-level constant) | 4.782*** | 4.651*** |
| Var (residual) | 70.298*** | 70.297*** |
| Number of prefectures | 158 | 158 |
| Number of neighborhoods | 401 | 401 |
| Number of respondents | 20,861 | 20,861 |
| Log-likelihood | −74,303 | −74,302 |
| AIC | 148,660 | 148,664 |
* = p < 0.10, ** = p < 0.05, *** = p < 0.01. All continuous independent variables and covariates were grand-mean centered