Table 2.

DHPS mutations associated with sulfonamide resistance in S. aureus, and their homologs in E. coli (Dallas et al., 1992), N. meningitidis (Fermer et al., 1995), B. anthracis (Yun et al., 2012), S. pneumoniae (Maskell et al., 1997), P. falciparum (Wang et al., 1997a), P. vivax (Pornthanakasem et al., 2016), M. leprae (Kai et al., 1999), and P. carinii (Mei et al., 1998).

Classification	Mutation	Location	Similar Mutations in Other Microbial Species
Primary	F17L	Loop 1	E. coli, N. meningitidis, B. anthracis
	S18L	Loop 1	None
	T51M	Loop 2	S. pneumoniae*, P. falciparum*, P. vivax*, M. leprae*, P. carinii
Secondary	E208K	α-helix Loop 7	P. falciparum†, P. vivax†
	KE257_Dup	α-helix 8	None

^*,†Indicate that mutations align with T51M and E208K, respectively, but are not strictly conserved (Figure 1).