Table 3.
Descriptive data on strategy choices for children in third- and fifth-grade; showing the number of children who used the strategy at least once (n), the range, and the observed frequencies according grade, condition, complexity, and presentation format.
Third graders | Fifth graders | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No borrow | Borrow | No borrow | Borrow | |||||||||||||||||
Simple | Complex | Simple | Complex | Simple | Complex | Simple | Complex | |||||||||||||
n | Range | Col | Row | Col | Row | Col | Row | Col | Row | n | Range | Col | Row | Col | Row | Col | Row | Col | Row | |
Experiment 1 | (n = 76) | (n = 79) | ||||||||||||||||||
Retrieval | 29 | 0–14 | 90 | 94 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 38 | 0–18 | 188 | 192 | 5 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
Counting | 31 | 0–23 | 47 | 50 | 2 | 3 | 28 | 29 | 10 | 17 | 28 | 0–16 | 27 | 28 | 5 | 0 | 18 | 24 | 1 | 2 |
Left-to-right | 25 | 0–32 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 60 | 83 | 40 | 38 | 48 | 0–32 | 30 | 31 | 42 | 52 | 165 | 182 | 117 | 137 |
Right-to-Left | 71 | 0–32 | 138 | 143 | 282 | 6 | 147 | 121 | 217 | 38 | 61 | 0–32 | 35 | 34 | 230 | 52 | 86 | 78 | 177 | 137 |
Other | 34 | 0–32 | 15 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 76 | 78 | 44 | 52 | 34 | 0–30 | 8 | 3 | 6 | 3 | 73 | 60 | 47 | 45 |
Experiment 2 | (n = 88) | (n = 87) | ||||||||||||||||||
Retrieval | 39 | 0-19 | 59 | 74 | 27 | 20 | 28 | 29 | 12 | 14 | 70 | 0–27 | 171 | 181 | 48 | 40 | 60 | 86 | 24 | 25 |
Counting | 76 | 0-32 | 121 | 127 | 98 | 95 | 115 | 109 | 59 | 56 | 59 | 0–30 | 40 | 44 | 43 | 35 | 81 | 77 | 71 | 52 |
Left-to-right | 42 | 0-25 | 28 | 22 | 30 | 27 | 61 | 53 | 64 | 60 | 59 | 0–26 | 13 | 28 | 49 | 65 | 79 | 77 | 101 | 129 |
Right-to-Left | 86 | 0-32 | 168 | 153 | 221 | 234 | 124 | 137 | 193 | 198 | 78 | 0–32 | 104 | 75 | 188 | 188 | 148 | 128 | 172 | 162 |
n is the number of individuals in each grade who reported using the procedure at least once. Col, columnar (vertical) presentation; Row, horizontal presentation.