Table 1.

Japanese Orthopedic Association score for cervical compressive myelopathy.

Dysfunction score
A. Motor function
I. Fingers
0 = unable to feed oneself with any tableware, including chopsticks, a spoon, or fork, and/or unable to fasten buttons of any size
1 = can manage to feed oneself with a spoon and/or a fork but not with chopsticks
2 = either chopstick feeding or writing is possible but not practical, and/or large buttons can be fastened
3 = either chopstick feeding or writing is clumsy but practical, and/or cuff buttons can be fastened
4 = normal
II. Shoulder and elbow (evaluated by MMT score of the deltoid or biceps muscles, whichever is weaker)
−2 = MMT ≤ 2
−1 = MMT 3
−0.5 = MMT 4
0 = MMT 5
III. Lower extremity
0 = unable to stand up and walk by any means
0.5 = able to stand up but unable to walk
1 = unable to walk without a cane or other support on a level
1.5 = able to walk without a support but with a clumsy gait
2 = walks independently on a level but needs support on stairs
2.5 = walks independently when going upstairs but needs support when going downstairs
3 = capable of fast walking but clumsily
4 = normal
B. Sensory function
I. Upper extremity
0 = complete loss of touch and pain sensation
0.5 = 50% or below of normal sensation and/or severe pain or numbness
1 = over 60% of normal sensation and/or moderate pain or numbness
1.5 = subjective numbness of a slight degree without any objective sensory deficit
2 = normal
II. Lower extremity (same as I)
III. Trunk (same as I)
C. Bladder function
0 = urinary retention and/or incontinence
1 = sense of retention and/or dribbling and/or thin stream and/or incomplete continence
2 = urinary retardation and/or pollakiuria
3 = normal

MMT: manual muscle testing.